{"id":1760,"date":"2018-01-18T13:54:58","date_gmt":"2018-01-18T10:54:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/mekanikelektriktesisat.com\/?p=1760"},"modified":"2018-01-18T13:54:58","modified_gmt":"2018-01-18T10:54:58","slug":"yildirimdan-korunma-risk-analizi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/benga.pro\/index.php\/2018\/01\/18\/yildirimdan-korunma-risk-analizi\/","title":{"rendered":"Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131mdan Korunma – Risk Analizi"},"content":{"rendered":"

Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n ne oldu\u011funu hepimiz \u00e7ok iyi biliriz. Burada y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n nas\u0131l olu\u015ftu\u011funu de\u011fil elektriksel a\u00e7\u0131dan hem can\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 hem de mal\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 nas\u0131l koruyaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 irdelemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n

Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131mdan korunma tesisat\u0131 ile ilgili olarak “IEC 62305 Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131mdan korunma” isimli standart Avrupal\u0131 t\u00fcm \u00fclkelere yol g\u00f6stermektedir. Bizim \u00fclkemizde de ayn\u0131 standart, TS EN 62305 ismi ile yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\n

Binam\u0131za y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131mdan korunma tesisat\u0131 kurmam\u0131za gerek var m\u0131?<\/h4>\n

Can ve mal g\u00fcvenli\u011fi s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda bu soruya cevab\u0131m\u0131z olumlu olacakt\u0131r. Ama b\u00f6yle bir \u00f6nemli soruyu hissi olarak cevaplamak do\u011fru de\u011fildir. Bunu bir tak\u0131m hesaplara ve standartlara dayand\u0131rarak cevaplamak gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n

Bu soruya cevap vermek i\u00e7in bir risk analizi<\/strong> yapmak gerekir. S\u00f6z konusu risk analizinin yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 IEC 62305 numaral\u0131 standartta detayl\u0131ca anlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1. IEC 62305’e g\u00f6re Risk Analizi<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Bir y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m hadisesi a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki yerlerde meydana gelebilir:(Tablo-1.1)<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\nYILDIRIM D\u00dc\u015eME NOKTALARI<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
S1<\/td>\nDirek olarak yap\u0131ya y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m d\u00fc\u015fmesi durumu<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
S2<\/td>\nYap\u0131n\u0131n yak\u0131n\u0131na y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m d\u00fc\u015fmesi durumu<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
S3<\/td>\nYap\u0131ya ba\u011fl\u0131 hizmet tesisatlar\u0131na y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m d\u00fc\u015fmesi durumu<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
S3<\/td>\nYap\u0131ya ba\u011fl\u0131 hizmet tesisatlar\u0131n\u0131n yak\u0131n\u0131na y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m d\u00fc\u015fmesi durumu<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Tablo 1.1<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"Risk\"<\/p>\n

Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m meydana geldi\u011finde a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki tabloda g\u00f6sterilen tiplerde hasarlar olu\u015fabilir:(Tablo-1.2)<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\nHASAR T\u0130PLER\u0130<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
D1<\/td>\nTemas ve ad\u0131m gerilimlerinden dolay\u0131 canl\u0131lar\u0131n zarar g\u00f6rmesi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
D2<\/td>\nK\u0131v\u0131lc\u0131mlanma dahil olmak \u00fczere y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m ak\u0131m\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 meydana gelen fiziki hasar (yang\u0131n,patlama, mekanik hasar, kimyasal bo\u015falma)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
D3<\/td>\n\u00a0Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m elektromanyetik darbesi(LEMP)\u2019ten dolay\u0131 i\u00e7 sistemlerin ar\u0131zalanmas\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Tablo 1.2<\/strong><\/p>\n

Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m d\u00fc\u015fmesi neticesinde olu\u015fan hasarlar \u015fu kay\u0131p ve zararlar\u0131 do\u011furabilir(Tablo-1.3)<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\nKAYIP T\u0130PLER\u0130<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
L1<\/td>\n\u0130nsan hayat\u0131n\u0131n kayb\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
L2<\/td>\nKamu hizmetlerinin kayb\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
L3<\/td>\nK\u00fclt\u00fcrel miras\u0131n kayb\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
L4<\/td>\nEkonomik de\u011ferlerin kayb\u0131 (yap\u0131 ve i\u00e7eri\u011fi ile ilgili faaliyet kayb\u0131)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Tablo 1.3<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu bilgileri toparlarsak y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fme noktas\u0131na g\u00f6re yap\u0131da olu\u015facak hasar ve kay\u0131plar\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u00e7izelgede (\u00c7izelge-1)g\u00f6stermi\u015f oluruz.<\/p>\n

\"RiskTablosu\"<\/p>\n

Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fme hadisesi sonras\u0131 maruz kalaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z riskler, kay\u0131p tipleriyle ayn\u0131d\u0131r.(Tablo-1.4)<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\nR\u0130SK T\u0130PLER\u0130<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
R1<\/td>\n\u0130nsan hayat\u0131n\u0131n kayb\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
R2<\/td>\nKamu hizmetlerinin kayb\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
R3<\/td>\nK\u00fclt\u00fcrel miras\u0131n kayb\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
R4<\/td>\nEkonomik de\u011ferlerin kayb\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Tablo 1.4<\/strong><\/p>\n

R1 den R4 e kadar her bir risk bir tak\u0131m alt risklerin toplam\u0131 \u015feklinde ifade edilir.(Tablo-1.5)<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\nR\u0130SK T\u0130PLER\u0130<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
R1<\/td>\nRa + Rb + Rc* + Rm* + Ru + Rv + Rw* + Rz*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
R2<\/td>\nRb + Rc + Rm + Rv + Rw + Rz<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
R3<\/td>\nRb + Rv<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
R4<\/td>\nRa** + Rb + Rc + Rm + Ru** + Rv + Rw + Rz<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
*<\/td>\nSadece patlama riski olan ve i\u00e7 sistemlerin ar\u0131zalanmas\u0131n\u0131n insan hayat\u0131n\u0131 derhal tehlikeye sokabilece\u011fi hastaneler ve di\u011fer yap\u0131lardada uygulan\u0131r.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
**<\/td>\nSadece hayvan kayb\u0131 olabilecek yerlerde uygulan\u0131r<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Tablo 1.5<\/strong><\/p>\n

R1 den R4 e kadar ana risk gruplar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan alt risklerimiz ise \u015funlard\u0131r:(Tablo-1.6)<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\nS1 – Yap\u0131ya direk y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m d\u00fc\u015ferse<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ra<\/td>\nElektrik \u015foku sebebiyle canl\u0131lar\u0131n zarar g\u00f6rmesi riski<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rb<\/td>\nFiziksel hasar riski<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rc<\/td>\nElektrik tesisat\u0131 ve elektronik sistemlerin hasar g\u00f6rme riski<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nS2 – Yap\u0131 yak\u0131n\u0131na y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m d\u00fc\u015ferse<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rm<\/td>\nElektrik tesisat\u0131 ve elektronik sistemlerin hasar g\u00f6rme riski<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nS3 -Binaya gelen hizmet hatt\u0131na y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m d\u00fc\u015ferse<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ru<\/td>\nElektrik \u015foku sebebiyle canl\u0131lar\u0131n zarar g\u00f6rmesi riski<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rv<\/td>\nFiziksel hasar riski<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rw<\/td>\nElektrik tesisat\u0131 ve elektronik sistemlerin hasar g\u00f6rme riski<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nS4 -Binaya gelen hizmet hatt\u0131n\u0131n yak\u0131n\u0131na y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m d\u00fc\u015ferse<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rz<\/td>\nElektrik tesisat\u0131 ve elektronik sistemlerin hasar g\u00f6rme riski<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Tablo 1.6<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu 8 tane temel alt risk de\u011ferlerimizi kullanarak R1 ila R4 aras\u0131 t\u00fcm ana risklerimizi (Rx diyelim) tespit etti\u011fimizi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnelim. Her bir ana riskimizi Rt tolere edilebilir risk de\u011feriyle mukayese etmemiz gerekir.\u00a0 E\u011fer Rx>Rt ise y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131mdan korunma tesisat\u0131 yapmam\u0131z gerekiyor demektir. Bu durumda Rx riskimizi en az\u0131ndan tolere edilebilir risk seviyesine (Rt) indirecek korunma tedbirleri al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. Yani<\/p>\n

R1 = Ra + Rb + Rc + Rm + Ru + Rv + Rw + Rz\u00a0 \u00a0 \u2264 Rt1<\/p>\n

R2\u00a0 = Rb + Rc + Rm + Rv + Rw + Rz\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u2264 Rt2<\/p>\n

R3\u00a0 = Rb + Rv\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u2264 Rt3<\/p>\n

R4\u00a0 =\u00a0Ra + Rb + Rc + Rm + Ru + Rv + Rw + Rz\u00a0 \u00a0\u2264 Rt4<\/p>\n

olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu mukayesede baz alaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z Rt de\u011ferlerini IEC 62305 \u015fu \u015fekilde vermektedir.(Tablo-1.7)<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\nRt – Tolere edilebilir risk s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rt1<\/td>\n1 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde 100.000 de 1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rt2<\/td>\n1 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde 10.000 de 1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rt3<\/td>\n1 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde 10.000 de 1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rt4<\/td>\n1 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde 10.000 de 1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Tablo 1.7<\/strong><\/h4>\n
\n

2. Alt Risk De\u011ferlerinin Bulunmas\u0131<\/h4>\n

Buraya kadar risk analizinin mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlam\u0131\u015f olduk. Bu noktadan sonra 8 adet alt risk grubunun de\u011ferlerinin nas\u0131l tespit edildi\u011fini irdelememiz laz\u0131m. Neticede bu risk de\u011ferlerinden, ana risk de\u011ferlerine ula\u015f\u0131yoruz. Ana riskleri de tolere edilebilir risk s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131m\u0131zla mukayese edip karar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 veriyoruz.<\/p>\n

Alt risk gruplar\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131nda ise temel bir form\u00fcl vard\u0131r. E\u011fer x indisli Rx alt riski bulacaksak<\/p>\n

Rx = Nx . Px . Lx<\/p>\n

ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 uygulan\u0131r. Burada;<\/p>\n

Nx: Yap\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu b\u00f6lgede bir y\u0131lda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen tehlikeli olay s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (\u00d6rn. y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m d\u00fc\u015fme s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131)<\/p>\n

Px: Hasar olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 (Tehlikeli bir hadisenin belirli bir zarara yol a\u00e7ma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 nedir?)<\/p>\n

Lx: Kay\u0131p fakt\u00f6r\u00fc, \u00f6rn. hasar\u0131n miktarsal de\u011ferlendirmesi (belirli bir hasar\u0131n sonu\u00e7 ve uzant\u0131lar\u0131 nedir, kayb\u0131n miktar\u0131 nedir, etkileri nedir…)<\/p>\n

Bu paralelde, t\u00fcm alt risklerin form\u00fclleri a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki tabloda verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Alt Risk<\/td>\nHasar Kayna\u011f\u0131<\/td>\nHasar Tipi<\/td>\nForm\u00fcl<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ra<\/td>\nS1<\/td>\nD1<\/td>\nRa= Nd . Pa . La<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rb<\/td>\nS1<\/td>\nD2<\/td>\nRb= Nd . Pb . Lb<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rc<\/td>\nS1<\/td>\nD3<\/td>\nRc = Nd . Pc . Lc<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rm<\/td>\nS2<\/td>\nD3<\/td>\nRm= Nm . Pm . Lm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ru<\/td>\nS3<\/td>\nD1<\/td>\nRu =(Nl+ Nda) . Pu . Lu<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rv<\/td>\nS3<\/td>\nD2<\/td>\nRv =(Nl+ Nda) . Pv . Lv<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rw<\/td>\nS3<\/td>\nD3<\/td>\nRw =(Nl+ Nda) . Pw . Lw<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rz<\/td>\nS4<\/td>\nD3<\/td>\nRz =(Ni+ Nl) . Pz . Lz<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Tablo-2<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u015eimdi, form\u00fcllerde ge\u00e7en\u00a0 N, P ve L de\u011ferlerini nas\u0131l tespit edece\u011fimizi tek tek irdeleyelim:<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n

 <\/p>\n

2.1. Yap\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu b\u00f6lgede bir y\u0131lda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen tehlikeli olay s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (N)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131labilecek 4 adet olay s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 vard\u0131r. Bunlar a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki tabloda (Tablo 2.1.1) verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Nd<\/td>\nDirek olarak yap\u0131ya y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m d\u00fc\u015fmesi sonucu olu\u015fan tehlikeli olay s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Nm<\/td>\nYap\u0131n\u0131n yak\u0131n\u0131na y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m d\u00fc\u015fmesi sonucu olu\u015fan tehlikeli olay s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Nl<\/td>\nYap\u0131ya ba\u011fl\u0131 hizmet tesisatlar\u0131na y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m d\u00fc\u015fmesi sonucu olu\u015fan tehlikeli olay s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ni<\/td>\nYap\u0131ya ba\u011fl\u0131 hizmet tesisatlar\u0131n\u0131n yak\u0131n\u0131na y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m d\u00fc\u015fmesi sonucu olu\u015fan tehlikeli olay s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Tablo 2.1.1<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu 4 de\u011ferin belirlenmesinde en etkili b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fck, s\u00f6z konusu yap\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu b\u00f6lgeye km2 ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m say\u0131s\u0131 Ng’dir. Bu de\u011feri meteoroloji ar\u015fivlerinden edinmek gerekir. Ancak bilinmiyorsa \u015fu ampirik y\u00f6ntem yeterli olmaktad\u0131r:<\/p>\n

Ng = 0,1 . Td<\/p>\n

Burada Td, y\u0131l i\u00e7indeki orajl\u0131 g\u00fcn say\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Orajl\u0131 g\u00fcn say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki haritay\u0131 kullanarak belirlemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. (Resim 2.1)<\/p>\n

\"orajl\u0131gunharitasi\"<\/p>\n

Resim 2.1<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu haritaya bakarak, \u0130stanbul i\u00e7in 10-20 aras\u0131, Antalya i\u00e7in 30-40 aras\u0131 orajl\u0131 g\u00fcn say\u0131s\u0131 belirlemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bunlar\u0131n \u00fcst de\u011ferlerini alarsak<\/p>\n

\u0130stanbul i\u00e7in Ng = 0,1 . 20 =2<\/p>\n

Antalya i\u00e7in\u00a0 Ng= 0,1 . 40 =4<\/p>\n

\u00e7\u0131kacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

2.1.1<\/strong> Direk olarak yap\u0131ya y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m d\u00fc\u015fmesi sonucu olu\u015fan tehlikeli olay s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (Nd):<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Nd = Ng . Ad . Cd \/ 1 000 000<\/p>\n

Burada Ad, izole edilmi\u015f yap\u0131n\u0131n m2 olarak e\u015fde\u011fer toplanma alan\u0131d\u0131r. Cd, \u00e7evre binalar\u0131n etkisini belirten lokasyon fakt\u00f6r\u00fcd\u00fcr. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki resmi (Resim 2.1.1-Sol) dikkate alarak uzunlu\u011fu L, geni\u015fli\u011fi W ve y\u00fcksekli\u011fi H olan bir bina i\u00e7in<\/p>\n

Ad= L.W + 2.(3.H).(L+W)+\u03c0.(3.H)2<\/sup><\/p>\n

olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"esdeger<\/p>\n

Resim 2.1.1<\/strong><\/p>\n

2.1.2<\/strong>\u00a0Yap\u0131n\u0131n yak\u0131n\u0131na y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m d\u00fc\u015fmesi sonucu olu\u015fan tehlikeli olay s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (Nm)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Yap\u0131n\u0131n yak\u0131n\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen d\u00fc\u015fen y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n manyetik etkisi i\u00e7in;<\/p>\n

Nm=Ng. Am \/ 1 000 000<\/p>\n

yazabiliriz. Am, yap\u0131dan 500m ileriye \u00e7izilen bir s\u0131n\u0131rla ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan aland\u0131r. Bu durum yukar\u0131daki resimde(Resim 2.1.1-Sa\u011f) g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir. \u00c7izilen bu s\u0131n\u0131r i\u00e7inde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m d\u00fc\u015fmesi hadisesi, manyetik olarak yap\u0131n\u0131n tesisat\u0131nda a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 gerilim y\u00fckselmelerine neden olur.<\/p>\n

2.1.3<\/strong>\u00a0Yap\u0131ya ba\u011fl\u0131 hizmet tesisatlar\u0131na y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m d\u00fc\u015fmesi sonucu olu\u015fan tehlikeli olay s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (Nl)<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Yap\u0131ya ba\u011fl\u0131 hizmet hatt\u0131na direk y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m d\u00fc\u015ferse<\/p>\n

Nl= Ng . Al . Ci . Ce . Ct \/ 1 000 000<\/p>\n

Nl, hattaki, maksimum de\u011feri en az 1kV olan a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 gerilim y\u00fckselmesinin y\u0131ll\u0131k say\u0131s\u0131<\/p>\n

Ci, hatt\u0131n havai hat yada g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fc hat olmas\u0131 durumuna ait katsay\u0131<\/p>\n

Ct, Al alan\u0131 i\u00e7inde AG hatlar\u0131ndan ziyade OG hatlar\u0131 ge\u00e7iyorsa trafonun, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 gerilim darbelerini azaltacak y\u00f6nde etki yapmas\u0131 durumuna ili\u015fkin katsay\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ce, \u00e7evre fakt\u00f6r\u00fcd\u00fcr. Civardaki bina yo\u011funlu\u011fu ve buna ba\u011fl\u0131 y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m d\u00fc\u015fme olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n hesaba kat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan fakt\u00f6rd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Al, y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n direk hatt\u0131 vuraca\u011f\u0131 etkili alan. Al=40. Ll al\u0131n\u0131r.Burada Ll, hat k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n uzunlu\u011fudur. Ancak bilinmiyorsa 1000m kabul edilir.<\/p>\n

\u00a02.1.4<\/strong>\u00a0Yap\u0131ya ba\u011fl\u0131 hizmet tesisatlar\u0131n\u0131n yak\u0131n\u0131na y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m d\u00fc\u015fmesi sonucu olu\u015fan tehlikeli olay s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (Ni)<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Yap\u0131ya ba\u011fl\u0131 hizmet hatt\u0131n\u0131n yak\u0131n\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen ve maksimum de\u011feri en az 1kV olan gerilim y\u00fckselmelerine neden olan y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m hadisesi i\u00e7in<\/p>\n

Ni = Ng . Ai . Ci . Ce . Ct \/1 000 000<\/p>\n

Bu form\u00fcldeki C b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckleri yukar\u0131dakilerle ayn\u0131d\u0131r. Ai ise Ai=4000.Ll olarak al\u0131n\u0131r. E\u011fer Ll bilinmiyorsa 1000m kabul edilir.<\/p>\n

E\u011fer, yap\u0131ya gelen hat 1den fazlaysa her bir hat i\u00e7in Nl ve Ni de\u011ferleri tek tek bulunur ve hesaba kat\u0131l\u0131r. \u015eayet bu hatlar ayn\u0131 g\u00fczergahtan geliyorsa en k\u00f6t\u00fc Nl ve Ni de\u011ferine sahip hat dikkate al\u0131n\u0131r, di\u011ferleri ihmal edilir.<\/p>\n

Hesaplarda kullan\u0131lan t\u00fcm C katsay\u0131lar\u0131na a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki tablodan ula\u015fabilirsiniz. (Tablo 2.1.4.1)<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Yap\u0131n\u0131n lokasyonu<\/strong><\/td>\nCd<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Y\u00fcksek binalarla \u00e7evrili durumda<\/td>\n0,25<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
E\u015f yada daha k\u0131sa y\u00fckseklikte binalarla \u00e7evrili durumda<\/td>\n0,5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0130zole durumda (3H yar\u0131\u00e7apl\u0131 alanda ba\u015fka obje yok)<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Bir tepede yada y\u00fcksekte izole durumda<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hat g\u00fczergah\u0131<\/strong><\/td>\nCi<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Havai hat<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
G\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fc hat<\/td>\n0,5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
G\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fc hat tamamiyle topraklama gridleri alt\u0131ndan ge\u00e7iyor<\/td>\n0,01<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Trafo<\/strong><\/td>\nCt<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
AG sistemi hatlar\u0131, haberle\u015fme ve data hatlar\u0131<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
OG hatlar\u0131 (OG\/AG trafosu ile birlikte)<\/td>\n0,2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00c7evre<\/strong><\/td>\nCe<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
K\u00f6y ve K\u0131rsal alan<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u015eehir d\u0131\u015f\u0131 mahalleler, banliy\u00f6<\/td>\n0,5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u015eehir i\u00e7i<\/td>\n0,1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u015eehir i\u00e7i ve 20m den uzun binalar\u0131n bulundu\u011fu b\u00f6lge<\/td>\n0,01<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Tablo 2.1.4.1<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

 <\/p>\n

2.2 Hasar Olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 (P)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Hasar olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, belirli bir hasar\u0131 olu\u015fturma kapasitesine sahip tehlikeli olay olma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mlar.E\u011fer olas\u0131l\u0131k 1 ise, her tehlikeli olay mutlaka bir hasar verecek demektir. Buna g\u00f6re 8 adet olas\u0131l\u0131k tipi vard\u0131r ve Tablo 2.2.1’de g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\nS1 – Yap\u0131ya direk y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m d\u00fc\u015ferse<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pa<\/td>\nElektrik \u015foku sebebiyle canl\u0131lar\u0131n zarar g\u00f6rmesi olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pb<\/td>\nFiziksel hasar olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pc<\/td>\nElektrik tesisat\u0131 ve elektronik sistemlerin hasar g\u00f6rme olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nS2 – Yap\u0131 yak\u0131n\u0131na y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m d\u00fc\u015ferse<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pm<\/td>\nElektrik tesisat\u0131 ve elektronik sistemlerin hasar g\u00f6rme olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nS3 -Binaya gelen hizmet hatt\u0131na y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m d\u00fc\u015ferse\u00a0<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pu<\/td>\nElektrik \u015foku sebebiyle canl\u0131lar\u0131n zarar g\u00f6rmesi olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pv<\/td>\nFiziksel hasar olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pw<\/td>\nElektrik tesisat\u0131 ve elektronik sistemlerin hasar g\u00f6rme olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nS4 -Binaya gelen hizmet hatt\u0131n\u0131n yak\u0131n\u0131na y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m d\u00fc\u015ferse\u00a0<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pz<\/td>\nElektrik tesisat\u0131 ve elektronik sistemlerin hasar g\u00f6rme olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Tablo 2.2.1<\/strong><\/p>\n

2.2.1<\/strong> Direk yap\u0131ya y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m d\u00fc\u015fmesi durumunda hasar olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Direk y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde temas yada ad\u0131m geriliminden dolay\u0131 canl\u0131lar\u0131n zarar g\u00f6rme olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131mdan korunma tesisat\u0131n\u0131n tipine ve ilave \u00f6nlemlerin durumuna ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Pa=Pta . Pb<\/p>\n

Pta, Ad\u0131m ve temas gerilimine kar\u015f\u0131 al\u0131nan tipik \u00f6nlemleri i\u00e7erir.<\/p>\n

Pb, Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131mdan korunma tesisat\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130lgili tablodan direk olarak al\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p>\n

E\u011fer birden fazla koruma tedbiri al\u0131nm\u0131\u015fsa, Pta ilgili de\u011ferlerin \u00e7arp\u0131m\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. Pta (Tablo 2.2.1.1) ve Pb (Tablo 2.2.1.2) de\u011ferlerinin g\u00f6sterildi\u011fi \u00e7izelge a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u0130lave koruma tedbirleri<\/strong><\/td>\nPta<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hi\u00e7bir koruma tedbiri yok<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0130kaz levhalar\u0131 var<\/td>\n0,1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0130ni\u015f iletkenleri gibi a\u00e7\u0131ktaki k\u0131s\u0131mlarda elektriksel izolasyon var<\/td>\n0,01<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Toprakta etkili bir potansiyel kontrol yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f<\/td>\n0,01<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Fiziki s\u0131n\u0131rlar veya binan\u0131n iskeleti ini\u015f iletkeni olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Tablo 2.2.1.1<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Binan\u0131n \u00d6zelli\u011fi<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\nPb<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Yap\u0131 bir y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131mdan korunma sistemi(LPS) ile korunmuyor<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Yap\u0131 bir y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131mdan korunma sistemiLPS) ile korunuyor<\/td>\nIV<\/td>\n0,2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
III<\/td>\n0,1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
III<\/td>\n0,05<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
I<\/td>\n0,02<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Yap\u0131n\u0131n LPS I s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na uyan yakalama u\u00e7lar\u0131 ve s\u00fcrekli haldeki metal iskeleti (veya takviyeli betonarmesi) do\u011fal bir ini\u015f iletkeni sistemi gibi davran\u0131yor<\/td>\n0,01<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Yap\u0131n\u0131n metal \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131 ve yakalama u\u00e7lar\u0131 ile bunlar\u0131n do\u011fal par\u00e7alar\u0131 ve s\u00fcrekli haldeki metal iskeleti (veya takviyeli betonarmesi) do\u011fal bir ini\u015f iletkeni sistemi gibi davran\u0131yor<\/td>\n0,001<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Tablo 2.2.1.2<\/strong><\/p>\n

Elektrik tesisat\u0131 ve elektronik sistemlerin hasar g\u00f6rme olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 veren Pc de\u011feri, tesisatta bulunan ve aralar\u0131nda koordinasyon sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f parafudrlara ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Pc = Pspd . Cld<\/p>\n

Pspd, Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131mdan korunma seviyesine (LPL) g\u00f6re koordinasyonlu uygulanm\u0131\u015f a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 gerilim darbelerine kar\u015f\u0131 al\u0131nan \u00f6nlemlere ba\u011fl\u0131 hasar olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade eder ve a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki tabloda(Tablo 2.2.1.3) verilmi\u015ftir. E\u011fer do\u011fru uygulanm\u0131\u015f bir parafudr korumas\u0131 varsa Pc olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 azalacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131mdan Korunma Seviyesi (LPL)<\/strong><\/td>\nPspd<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Koordineli bir parafudr(SPD) korumas\u0131 yok<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
III-IV<\/td>\n0,05<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
II<\/td>\n0,02<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
I<\/td>\n0,01<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
LPL I i\u00e7in istenenden daha iyi koruma karakteristi\u011fine sahip parafudr )Daha y\u00fcksek darbe ak\u0131m\u0131 a\u015f\u0131ma kapasitesi, daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck gerilim koruma seviyesi, vs.)<\/td>\n0,005-0,001<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Tablo 2.2.1.3<\/strong><\/p>\n

Cld, i\u00e7 tesisat\u0131 besleyen hatt\u0131n ekranl\u0131, toprakl\u0131 ve izolasyonlu olma durumunu g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne alan fakt\u00f6rd\u00fcr. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki tabloda verilmi\u015ftir.(Tablo 2.2.1.4)<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Harici hat tipi<\/strong><\/td>\nGiri\u015f ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131<\/strong><\/td>\nCld<\/strong><\/td>\nCli<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ekrans\u0131z havai hat<\/td>\nTan\u0131ms\u0131z<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ekrans\u0131z g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fc hat<\/td>\nTan\u0131ms\u0131z<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00c7oklu topraklanm\u0131\u015f n\u00f6tr iletkenli enerji hatt\u0131<\/td>\nYok<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n0,2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ekranl\u0131 g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fc hat (Enerji yada telekom\u00fcnikasyon hatt\u0131)<\/td>\nEkranlar ayn\u0131 e\u015fpotansiyel baraya ekipman olarak ba\u011flanmam\u0131\u015f<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n0,3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ekranl\u0131 havai hat (Enerji yada telekom\u00fcnikasyon hatt\u0131)<\/td>\nEkranlar ayn\u0131 e\u015fpotansiyel baraya ekipman olarak ba\u011flanmam\u0131\u015f<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n0,1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ekranl\u0131 g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fc hat (Enerji yada telekom\u00fcnikasyon hatt\u0131)<\/td>\nEkranlar ayn\u0131 e\u015fpotansiyel baraya ekipman olarak ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ekranl\u0131 havai hat (Enerji yada telekom\u00fcnikasyon hatt\u0131)<\/td>\nEkranlar ayn\u0131 e\u015fpotansiyel baraya ekipman olarak ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m korunma kablosu veya y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131mdan korunma borusu, konduiti veya tavas\u0131 i\u00e7indeki iletken<\/td>\n<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Harici hat yok<\/td>\nHi\u00e7 harici hat yok. Kendisi ba\u015f\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Herhangi bir tip<\/td>\n<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Tablo 2.2.1.4<\/strong><\/p>\n

2.2.2<\/strong>\u00a0Yap\u0131n\u0131n yak\u0131n\u0131na y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m d\u00fc\u015fmesi durumunda hasar olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Elektrik tesisat\u0131 ve elektronik sistemlerin hasar g\u00f6rme olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 veren Pm de\u011feri, tesisatta bulunan ve aralar\u0131nda koordinasyon sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f parafudrlara ve ilave koruma \u00f6nlemlerine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Pm = Pspd . Pms<\/p>\n

Pspd yukar\u0131daki tabloda (Tablo 2.2.1.3) verilmi\u015fti. Pms ise a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki fakt\u00f6rlere ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Pms =\u00a0 (Ks1 . Ks2 . Ks3 . Ks4)2<\/sup><\/p>\n

Ks1:\u00a0 Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131mdan korunma zonu, LPZ0\/1 i\u00e7indeki t\u00fcm ekranlamalar\u0131n, y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131mdan korunma sisteminin (LPS) ve yap\u0131n\u0131n ekranlanma performans\u0131d\u0131r<\/p>\n

Ks2:\u00a0 Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131mdan korunma zonu, LPZ X\/Y (X>0, Y>1) i\u00e7indeki t\u00fcm dahili ekranlamalar\u0131n, ekranlanma performans\u0131d\u0131r<\/p>\n

Ks3: Dahili kablolamayla ilgili fakt\u00f6rd\u00fcr<\/p>\n

Ks4: Korunan sistemin darbe dayanma gerilimidir<\/p>\n

Katsay\u0131lar Ks1 ve Ks2 i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki ba\u011flant\u0131 verilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Ks1=0,12 . \u03c9m1<\/p>\n

Ks2=0,12 . \u03c9m2<\/p>\n

Buradaki\u00a0\u03c9m1 ve\u00a0\u03c9m2 metre cinsinden gridlerin boyutu yada rodlar aras\u0131ndaki mesafedir.<\/p>\n

Ks4 = 1 \/ Uw<\/p>\n

Burada Uw kV cinsinden sistemin dayanabilece\u011fi darbe gerilimidir. Ks4 \u00fcn maksimum de\u011feri 1 dir. E\u011fer sistemde farkl\u0131 dayan\u0131ma sahip bile\u015fenler varsa bunlar aras\u0131ndaki en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck de\u011ferli olan\u0131 almak laz\u0131md\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ks3 de\u011ferini a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki tablodan alabiliriz. (Tablo 2.2.2.1)<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u0130\u00e7 tesisat\u0131n tipi<\/strong><\/td>\nKs3<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ekrans\u0131z kablo-Loop (kapal\u0131 \u00e7evre) olu\u015fmas\u0131ndan ka\u00e7\u0131nmak ad\u0131na bir g\u00fczergah tedbiri al\u0131nmam\u0131\u015f (B\u00fcy\u00fck binalarda farkl\u0131 g\u00fczergahlardan giden iletkenlerden olu\u015fan ve y\u00fczey alan\u0131 ortalama 50m2 olan looplar)<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ekrans\u0131z kablo-Loop (kapal\u0131 \u00e7evre) olu\u015fmas\u0131ndan ka\u00e7\u0131nmak ad\u0131na bir g\u00fczergah tedbiri al\u0131nmam\u0131\u015f (K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck binalarda farkl\u0131 g\u00fczergahlardan giden veya ayn\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 i\u00e7inden giden iletkenlerden olu\u015fan ve y\u00fczey alan\u0131 ortalama 10m2 olan looplar)<\/td>\n0,2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ekrans\u0131z kablo-Loop (kapal\u0131 \u00e7evre) olu\u015fmas\u0131ndan ka\u00e7\u0131nmak ad\u0131na bir g\u00fczergah tedbiri al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f (Ayn\u0131 kablodan giden iletkenlerden olu\u015fan ve y\u00fczey alan\u0131 ortalama 0,5m2 olan looplar)<\/td>\n0,01<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ekranl\u0131 kablolar ve metal konduit i\u00e7inden giden kablolar.(Kablo ekranlar\u0131 ve metal konduitler e\u015f potansiyel baraya her iki u\u00e7tan da ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f ve ayr\u0131ca ekipman da ayn\u0131 e\u015f potansiyel baraya ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f)<\/td>\n0,001<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Tablo 2.2.2.1<\/strong><\/p>\n

2.2.3<\/strong>\u00a0Yap\u0131ya gelen hizmet hatt\u0131na y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m d\u00fc\u015fmesi durumunda hasar olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Yap\u0131ya gelen hizmet hatt\u0131na y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce meydana gelebilecek elektrik \u015foku sebebiyle canl\u0131lar\u0131n zarar g\u00f6rme olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 Pu, i\u00e7in \u015fu ba\u011flant\u0131 verilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Pu= Ptu . Peb . Pld . Cld<\/p>\n

Ptu, ikaz levhalar\u0131, fiziki \u00f6nlemler gibi temas gerilimine kar\u015f\u0131 al\u0131nan\u00a0 \u00f6nlemleri i\u00e7eren fakt\u00f6rd\u00fcr. Birden fazla \u00f6nlem varsa bu fakt\u00f6rlerin \u00e7arp\u0131m\u0131 al\u0131n\u0131r. Ptu de\u011ferlerine a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki tablodan eri\u015febilirsiniz. (Tablo 2.2.3.1)<\/p>\n

Peb, parafudrlar\u0131n se\u00e7iminde esas al\u0131nan y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131mdan korunma seviyesi (LPL)ne ba\u011fl\u0131 hasar olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Peb de\u011feri, e\u011fer parafudr karakteristikleri, tesis edilen ilgili yerde LPL I den daha iyi se\u00e7ilmi\u015fse d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclebilir. Peb de\u011ferlerine a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki tablodan eri\u015febilirsiniz. (Tablo 2.2.3.2)<\/p>\n

Pld, y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc hatt\u0131n \u00f6zelliklerine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak i\u00e7 tesisat\u0131n ar\u0131zaya ge\u00e7me olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/p>\n

Cld, hatt\u0131n ekranlama, topraklama ve izolasyon durumuna ili\u015fkin katsay\u0131d\u0131r. Yukar\u0131daki tabloda verilmi\u015fti.(Tablo 2.2.1.4)<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Koruma \u00f6nlemi<\/strong><\/td>\nPtu<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Herhangi bir koruma \u00f6nlemi yok<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0130kaz levhalar\u0131 konmu\u015f<\/td>\n0,1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Elektriksel izolasyon sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f<\/td>\n0,01<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Yetkisiz eri\u015fime kar\u015f\u0131 fiziki \u00f6nlemler al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Tablo 2.2.3.1<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131mdan korunma seviyesi (LPL)<\/strong><\/td>\nPeb<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Parafudr yok<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
III-IV<\/td>\n0,05<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
II<\/td>\n0,02<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
I<\/td>\n0,01<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
LPL I i\u00e7in istenenden daha iyikoruma karakterisi\u011fi olan parafudrlar varsa (Daha y\u00fcksek darbe ak\u0131m\u0131 kapasitesi, daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck gerilim koruma seviyesi, vb.)<\/td>\n0,005-0,001<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Tablo 2.2.3.2<\/strong><\/p>\n

Darbe dayan\u0131m gerilimi Uw ve kablo ekran\u0131n\u0131n direnci RSye ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak Pld olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki tabloda verilmi\u015ftir. (Tablo 2.2.3.3)<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Hatt\u0131n tipi<\/strong><\/td>\nG\u00fczergah, ekranlama ve e\u015fpotansiyel dengeleme<\/strong><\/td>\nPld<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Darbe dayan\u0131m gerilimi Uw (kV)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1<\/strong><\/td>\n1,5<\/strong><\/td>\n2,5<\/strong><\/td>\n4<\/strong><\/td>\n6<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Enerji yada teleko-m\u00fcnikasyon hatlar\u0131<\/td>\nHavai ve g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fc hat, ekrans\u0131z yada ekranl\u0131, ekranl\u0131ysa ekran\u0131 ekipmanla ayn\u0131 e\u015fpotansiyel baraya ba\u011flanmam\u0131\u015f<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ekranl\u0131 havai ve g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fc hat, ekran\u0131 ekipmanla ayn\u0131 e\u015fpotansiyel baraya ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f<\/td>\n5 ohm\/km<RS<20 ohm\/km<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n0,95<\/td>\n0,9<\/td>\n0,8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1 ohm\/km<RS<5 ohm\/km<\/td>\n0,9<\/td>\n0,8<\/td>\n0,6<\/td>\n0,3<\/td>\n0,1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
RS<1 ohm\/km<\/td>\n0,6<\/td>\n0,4<\/td>\n0,2<\/td>\n0,04<\/td>\n0,02<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Tablo 2.2.3.3<\/strong><\/p>\n

Yap\u0131ya gelen hizmet hatt\u0131na y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce meydana gelebilecek fiziksel hasar olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 Pv, i\u00e7in \u015fu ba\u011flant\u0131 verilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Pv=Peb . Pld . Cld<\/p>\n

Yap\u0131ya gelen hizmet hatt\u0131na y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce\u00a0 yap\u0131 elektrik tesisat\u0131 ve elektronik sistemlerin hasar g\u00f6rme olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 Pw, i\u00e7in \u015fu ba\u011flant\u0131 verilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Pw=Pspd . Pld . Cld<\/p>\n

2.2.4<\/strong>\u00a0Yap\u0131ya gelen hizmet hatt\u0131n\u0131n yak\u0131n\u0131na y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m d\u00fc\u015fmesi durumunda hasar olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Yap\u0131ya gelen hizmet hatt\u0131n\u0131n yak\u0131n\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n meydana getirece\u011fi hasar\u0131n olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131\u00a0 Pz i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131 verilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Pz= Pspd . Pli . Cli<\/p>\n

Pspd, y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131mdan korunma seviyesine (LPL) g\u00f6re koordinasyonlu uygulanm\u0131\u015f a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 gerilim darbelerine kar\u015f\u0131 al\u0131nan \u00f6nlemlere ba\u011fl\u0131 hasar olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade eder ve daha \u00f6nceki tablolarda verilmi\u015fti. (Tablo 2.2.1.3)<\/p>\n

Pli, yap\u0131ya gelen hizmet hatt\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zelliklerine ba\u011fl\u0131\u00a0 olarak hat yak\u0131n\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n i\u00e7 tesisatta meydana getirece\u011fi hasar olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.\u00a0(Tablo 2.2.4.1)<\/p>\n

Cli, hatt\u0131n ekranlama, topraklama ve izolasyon durumuna ili\u015fkin katsay\u0131d\u0131r. Yukar\u0131daki tabloda verilmi\u015fti.(Tablo 2.2.1.4)<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Hatt\u0131n tipi<\/strong><\/td>\nPli<\/sub><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Darbe dayan\u0131m gerilimi Uw (kV)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1<\/strong><\/td>\n1,5<\/strong><\/td>\n2,5<\/strong><\/td>\n4<\/strong><\/td>\n6<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Enerji hatlar\u0131<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Telekom\u00fcnikasyon hatlar\u0131<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n0,95<\/td>\n0,9<\/td>\n0,8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Tablo 2.2.4.1<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

2.3 Kay\u0131p (L)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Meydana gelen hasar tipine (D1-D2-D3) g\u00f6re kay\u0131plar 3 alt gruba ayr\u0131labilir.(Tablo 2.3.1)<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
Lt<\/sub><\/td>\nTemas ve ad\u0131m gerilimi sebebiyle olu\u015fan elektrik \u015foku sonucu geli\u015fen yaralanmalar y\u00fcz\u00fcnden olu\u015fan kay\u0131plar (D1)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Lf<\/sub><\/td>\nFiziksel hasarlar y\u00fcz\u00fcnden olu\u015fan kay\u0131plar (D2)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Lo<\/sub><\/td>\nElektrik tesisat\u0131 ve elektronik sistemlerin ar\u0131zalanmas\u0131 neticesi olu\u015fan kay\u0131plar (D3)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Tablo 2.3.1<\/strong><\/p>\n

A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da kay\u0131p hesaplar\u0131nda kullan\u0131lacak azaltma ve artt\u0131rma katsay\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n verildi\u011fi tablolar vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

rt\u00a0<\/sub><\/strong>, Yap\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7indeki zeminin tipine yada d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki topra\u011f\u0131n tipine ba\u011fl\u0131 olan temas ve ad\u0131m geriliminin etkisine ili\u015fkin azaltma fakt\u00f6r\u00fc (Tablo 2.3.2)<\/p>\n

rp\u00a0<\/sub><\/strong>, Yang\u0131n hadisesinin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 azaltmak ad\u0131na al\u0131nan \u00f6nlemlere ili\u015fkin azaltma katsay\u0131s\u0131 (Tablo 2.3.3)<\/p>\n

rf\u00a0<\/sub><\/strong>, Yap\u0131daki yang\u0131n ve patlama riskini azaltma katsay\u0131s\u0131 (Tablo 2.3.4)<\/p>\n

hz\u00a0<\/sub><\/strong>, Panik seviyesine g\u00f6re\u00a0 can kayb\u0131 durumuna(L1) ili\u015fkin artt\u0131rma katsay\u0131s\u0131 (Tablo 2.3.5)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Sat\u0131h Cinsi<\/strong><\/td>\nTemas Direnci k\u03a9*<\/strong><\/td>\nrt<\/sub><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Tar\u0131m arazisi, beton<\/td>\n\u22641<\/td>\n0,01<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Mermer, seramik<\/td>\n1-10<\/td>\n0,001<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00c7ak\u0131l, moket, hal\u0131<\/td>\n10-100<\/td>\n0,0001<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Asfalt, linolyum, ah\u015fap<\/td>\n\u2265100<\/td>\n0,00001<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
* 400cm2<\/sup> kesitli ve 500N kuvvetle bast\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir elektrod ile sonsuz aras\u0131nda \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f de\u011ferlerdir<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Tablo 2.3.2<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u00d6nlemler<\/strong><\/td>\nrp<\/sub><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Herhangi bir \u00f6nlem al\u0131nmam\u0131\u015f<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u015eu \u00f6nlemlerden biri al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f: Yang\u0131n s\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc, manuel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan sabit yang\u0131n s\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc tesisat\u0131, manuel alarm tesisat\u0131, hidrant, yang\u0131n kompartmanlar\u0131, ka\u00e7\u0131\u015f g\u00fczergahlar\u0131<\/td>\n0,5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u015eu \u00f6nlemlerden biri al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f: Otomatik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan sabit yang\u0131n s\u00f6nd\u00fcrme tesisat\u0131, otomatik alarm tesisat\u0131<\/td>\n0,2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Tablo 2.3.3<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Risk<\/strong><\/td>\nRiskin Cinsi<\/strong><\/td>\nrf<\/sub>
\n<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Patlama<\/td>\nZon 0, 20 ve kat\u0131 patlay\u0131c\u0131lar<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Zon 1, 21<\/td>\n0,1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Zon 2, 22<\/td>\n0,001<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Yang\u0131n<\/td>\nY\u00fcksek Tehlike<\/td>\n0,1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Orta Tehlike<\/td>\n0,02<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck Tehlike<\/td>\n0,003<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Patlama veya yang\u0131n<\/td>\nYok<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Tablo 2.3.4<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u00d6zel risk tipi<\/strong><\/td>\nhz<\/sub><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00d6zel bir risk tipi yok<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck panik riski (\u00d6rn. 100 ki\u015fiye ve 2 kata kadar olan\u00a0 yap\u0131lar)<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ortalama panik riski (\u00d6rn. 100’den 1000e kadar ki\u015fi alan k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve spor etkinlikleri binas\u0131)<\/td>\n5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Bo\u015falt\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n zor oldu\u011fu yap\u0131lar (\u00d6rn. Engellilerin, yatan hastalar\u0131n oldu\u011fu yap\u0131 ve hastaneler)<\/td>\n5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Y\u00fcksek panik riski (\u00d6rn. 1000den fazla ki\u015fi alan k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve spor etkinlikleri binas\u0131)<\/td>\n10<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Tablo 2.3.5<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

2.3.1<\/strong> Can Kayb\u0131 (L1)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Yap\u0131ya her alt risk grubu i\u00e7in kay\u0131p tespit edilmelidir. Hatta, yap\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z zonlara ayr\u0131larak her ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z zon i\u00e7in kay\u0131plar bulunabilir. B\u00f6ylece her ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z zonun kendine has artt\u0131rma ve azaltma fakt\u00f6rleri kullan\u0131labilir. Kay\u0131p, zon i\u00e7indeki insan say\u0131s\u0131 (nz<\/b><\/span>) ve binadaki toplam insan say\u0131s\u0131 (nt<\/sub>) aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiyle, zon i\u00e7inde insanlar\u0131n bir y\u0131lda bulunma s\u00fcresi\u00a0(tz<\/sub>) ve 1 y\u0131la tekab\u00fcl eden 8760 saate ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece 8 taneye kadar kay\u0131p de\u011feri vard\u0131r:<\/p>\n

La<\/sub> = Lu<\/sub> = (rt\u00a0<\/sub>.\u00a0Lt<\/sub> .\u00a0nz<\/span>\u00a0\/ nt<\/sub>\u00a0) .\u00a0(tz\u00a0<\/sub>\/ 8760\u00a0)<\/p>\n

Lb<\/sub>\u00a0= Lv<\/sub> = (rp\u00a0<\/sub>\u00a0. rf\u00a0 <\/sub>.hz\u00a0\u00a0<\/sub>.Lf<\/sub> . nz<\/sub>\u00a0\/ nt<\/sub>\u00a0) .\u00a0(tz\u00a0<\/sub>\/ 8760\u00a0)<\/p>\n

Lc<\/sub>\u00a0= Lm<\/sub> = Lw<\/sub> =Lz<\/sub> =(Lo\u00a0<\/sub>\u00a0. nz<\/sub>\u00a0\/ nt<\/sub>\u00a0) .\u00a0(tz\u00a0<\/sub>\/ 8760\u00a0)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Lt\u00a0<\/sub><\/strong>, Herhangi bir tehlikeli olay sonras\u0131nda elektrik \u015fokuyla zarar g\u00f6ren (D1) kurbanlar\u0131n y\u00fczdesinin tipik ortalamas\u0131d\u0131r<\/p>\n

Lf\u00a0<\/sub><\/strong>, Herhangi bir tehlikeli olay sonras\u0131nda fiziksel hasar (D2) neticesi zarar g\u00f6ren kurbanlar\u0131n y\u00fczdesinin tipik ortalamas\u0131d\u0131r<\/p>\n

Lo\u00a0<\/sub><\/strong>, Herhangi bir tehlikeli olay sonras\u0131nda i\u00e7 tesisat ve sistemlerin ar\u0131zas\u0131 neticesinde zarar g\u00f6ren (D3) kurbanlar\u0131n y\u00fczdesinin tipik ortalamas\u0131d\u0131r<\/p>\n

IEC 62305-2 numaral\u0131 standart\u00a0\u00a0Lt\u00a0<\/sub><\/strong>, Lf\u00a0<\/sub><\/strong>, Lo\u00a0<\/sub><\/strong>, de\u011ferleri i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da tabloda verilen de\u011ferleri belirtmektedir.\u00a0 (Tablo 2.3.1.1) Bu de\u011ferleri belirli bir bina \u00f6zelinde de\u011fi\u015ftirilebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Hasar Tipi<\/strong><\/td>\nTipik Kay\u0131p De\u011feri<\/strong><\/td>\nYap\u0131 Tipi<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
D1: Yaralanmalar<\/td>\nLt<\/sub><\/td>\n0,01<\/td>\nT\u00fcm tipler<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
D2:Fiziksel Hasar<\/td>\nLf<\/sub><\/td>\n0,1<\/td>\nPatlama riski<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
0,1<\/td>\nHastane, otel, okul, kamu binas\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
0,05<\/td>\nE\u011flence mekanlar\u0131, ibadethane, m\u00fcze<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
0,02<\/td>\nEnd\u00fcstriyel bina, ekonomik katk\u0131 sa\u011flayan binalar<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
0,01<\/td>\nDi\u011fer<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
D3:\u0130\u00e7 sistemlerin ar\u0131zlanmas\u0131<\/td>\nLo<\/sub><\/td>\n0,1<\/td>\nPatlama riski<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
0,01<\/td>\nHastanenin yo\u011fun bak\u0131m \u00fcnitesi ve ameliyathanesi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
0,001<\/td>\nHastanenin di\u011fer b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Tablo 2.3.1.1<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

2.3.2<\/strong>\u00a0Kamu binalar\u0131ndaki kabul edilemez kay\u0131plar<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Kamu hizmetlerindeki kay\u0131p binan\u0131n veya zonlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zellikleriyle tan\u0131mlan\u0131r. Bu \u00f6zellikler rp\u00a0\u00a0<\/sub>,rf<\/sub>\u00a0azaltma fakt\u00f6rleri yard\u0131m\u0131yla ifade edilir. Zon i\u00e7inde hizmet verilen kullan\u0131c\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131 (nz<\/sub>) ve bina i\u00e7indeki hizmet verilen toplam kullan\u0131c\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131\u00a0(nt<\/sub>) aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki \u00f6nemlidir. 6 taneye kadar kay\u0131p de\u011feri vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Lb<\/sub>\u00a0= Lv<\/sub> = rp\u00a0<\/sub>\u00a0. rf\u00a0 <\/sub>.Lf<\/sub> . nz<\/sub>\u00a0\/ nt<\/sub><\/p>\n

Lc<\/sub>\u00a0= Lm<\/sub> = Lw<\/sub> =Lz<\/sub> = Lo\u00a0<\/sub>\u00a0. nz<\/sub>\u00a0\/ nt<\/sub><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Lf\u00a0<\/sub><\/strong>, Herhangi bir tehlikeli olay sonras\u0131nda fiziksel hasar (D2) neticesi hizmet alamayan kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n y\u00fczdesinin tipik ortalamas\u0131d\u0131r<\/p>\n

Lo\u00a0<\/sub><\/strong>, Herhangi bir tehlikeli olay sonras\u0131nda i\u00e7 tesisat ve sistemlerin ar\u0131zas\u0131 neticesinde\u00a0hizmet alamayan kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n (D3)\u00a0 y\u00fczdesinin tipik ortalamas\u0131d\u0131r<\/p>\n

IEC 62305-2 numaral\u0131 standart\u00a0\u00a0Lf\u00a0<\/sub><\/strong>, Lo\u00a0<\/sub><\/strong>, de\u011ferleri i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da tabloda verilen de\u011ferleri belirtmektedir. (Tablo 2.3.2.1)\u00a0 Bu de\u011ferleri belirli bir bina \u00f6zelinde de\u011fi\u015ftirilebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Hasar Tipi<\/strong><\/td>\nTipik Kay\u0131p De\u011feri<\/strong><\/td>\nHizmet Tipi<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
D2:Fiziksel Hasar<\/td>\nLf<\/sub><\/td>\n0,1<\/td>\nGaz, su ve elektrik hizmetleri<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
0,01<\/td>\nTV, telekom\u00fcnikasyon hizmetleri<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
D3:\u0130\u00e7 sistemlerin ar\u0131zlanmas\u0131<\/td>\nLo<\/sub><\/td>\n0,01<\/td>\nGaz, su ve elektrik hizmetleri<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
0,001<\/td>\nTV, telekom\u00fcnikasyon hizmetleri<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Tablo 2.3.2.1<\/strong><\/p>\n

2.3.3<\/strong>\u00a0K\u00fclt\u00fcrel Miras Kayb\u0131<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

K\u00fclt\u00fcrel miras kayb\u0131 binan\u0131n veya zonlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zellikleriyle tan\u0131mlan\u0131r. Bu \u00f6zellikler rp\u00a0\u00a0<\/sub>,rf<\/sub>\u00a0azaltma fakt\u00f6rleri yard\u0131m\u0131yla ifade edilir. Yap\u0131 i\u00e7inde ele al\u0131nan zonun de\u011feri (cz<\/sub>) ve binan\u0131n i\u00e7indekilerle birlikte toplam de\u011feri\u00a0 (ct<\/sub>) aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki \u00f6nemlidir. 2 taneye kadar kay\u0131p de\u011feri vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Lb<\/sub>\u00a0= Lv<\/sub> = rp\u00a0<\/sub>\u00a0. rf\u00a0 <\/sub>.Lf<\/sub> . cz<\/sub>\u00a0\/ ct<\/sub><\/p>\n

Lf\u00a0<\/sub><\/strong>, Herhangi bir tehlikeli olay sonras\u0131nda fiziksel hasar (D2) neticesi zarar g\u00f6ren t\u00fcm e\u015fyalar\u0131n y\u00fczdesinin tipik ortalamas\u0131d\u0131r<\/p>\n

IEC 62305-2 numaral\u0131 standart\u00a0\u00a0Lf\u00a0<\/sub><\/strong>\u00a0<\/sub><\/strong>, de\u011feri i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da tabloda verilen de\u011ferleri belirtmektedir.(Tablo 2.3.3.1)\u00a0 Bu de\u011ferleri belirli bir bina \u00f6zelinde de\u011fi\u015ftirilebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
Hasar Tipi<\/strong><\/td>\nTipik Kay\u0131p De\u011feri<\/strong><\/td>\nHizmet Tipi<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
D2:Fiziksel Hasar<\/td>\nLf<\/sub><\/td>\n0,1<\/td>\nM\u00fcze, galeri<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Tablo 2.3.3.1<\/strong><\/p>\n

2.3.4<\/strong>\u00a0Ekonomik De\u011fer Kayb\u0131<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Ekonomik de\u011fer kayb\u0131 yap\u0131n\u0131n zonlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zellikleriyle tan\u0131mlan\u0131r. Bu \u00f6zellikler rt\u00a0\u00a0<\/sub>,rp\u00a0\u00a0<\/sub>,rf<\/sub>\u00a0azaltma fakt\u00f6rleri yard\u0131m\u0131yla ifade edilir. Zon i\u00e7inde net de\u011fer ve t\u00fcm yap\u0131n\u0131n toplam de\u011feri (ct<\/sub>) aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki, binadaki hasar\u0131 belirlemek a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan gereklidir. \u00f6nemlidir. Yap\u0131n\u0131n toplam de\u011feri, hayvanlar\u0131, binan\u0131n kendisini ve i\u00e7erdi\u011fi her\u015feyi, hizmetleri dahil t\u00fcm i\u00e7 sistemlerini i\u00e7erebilir. Net de\u011fer hasar\u0131n tipine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r ve a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki tabloda g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir. (Tablo 2.3.4.1) 8 taneye kadar hasar de\u011feri vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Hasar Tipi<\/strong><\/td>\nDe\u011fer<\/strong><\/td>\nA\u00e7\u0131klama<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
D1<\/td>\nElektrik \u015foku sebebiyle hayvanlar\u0131n zarar g\u00f6rmesi<\/td>\nca<\/sub><\/td>\nHayvanlar\u0131n de\u011feri<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
D2<\/td>\nFiziksel Hasar<\/td>\nca\u00a0<\/sub>\u00a0+ cb\u00a0<\/sub>+cc<\/sub>\u00a0+ cs<\/sub><\/td>\nT\u00fcm e\u015fyalar\u0131n de\u011feri<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
D3<\/td>\n\u0130\u00e7 sistemlerin ar\u0131zlanmas\u0131<\/td>\ncs<\/sub><\/td>\n\u0130\u00e7 sistemler ve faaliyetlerinin de\u011feri<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Tablo 2.3.4.1<\/strong><\/p>\n

La<\/sub> = Lu<\/sub> = rt\u00a0<\/sub>.\u00a0Lt<\/sub> . ca<\/sub>\u00a0\/ ct<\/sub><\/p>\n

Lb<\/sub>\u00a0= Lv<\/sub> = rp\u00a0<\/sub>\u00a0. rf\u00a0 <\/sub>.Lf<\/sub> . (ca\u00a0<\/sub>\u00a0+ cb\u00a0<\/sub>+cc<\/sub>\u00a0+ cs<\/sub>\u00a0)\/ ct<\/sub><\/p>\n

Lc<\/sub>\u00a0= Lm<\/sub> = Lw<\/sub> =Lz<\/sub> =Lo\u00a0<\/sub>\u00a0. cs<\/sub>\u00a0\/ ct<\/sub><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Lt\u00a0<\/sub><\/strong>, Herhangi bir tehlikeli olay sonras\u0131nda elektrik \u015fokuyla zarar g\u00f6ren (D1) t\u00fcm e\u015fyalar\u0131n ekonomik de\u011ferinin y\u00fczdesinin tipik ortalamas\u0131d\u0131r<\/p>\n

Lf\u00a0<\/sub><\/strong>, Herhangi bir tehlikeli olay sonras\u0131nda fiziksel hasar (D2) neticesi zarar g\u00f6ren t\u00fcm e\u015fyalar\u0131n ekonomik de\u011ferinin y\u00fczdesinin tipik ortalamas\u0131d\u0131r<\/p>\n

Lo\u00a0<\/sub><\/strong>, Herhangi bir tehlikeli olay sonras\u0131nda i\u00e7 tesisat ve sistemlerin ar\u0131zas\u0131 neticesinde zarar g\u00f6ren (D3) t\u00fcm e\u015fyalar\u0131n ekonomik de\u011ferinin y\u00fczdesinin tipik ortalamas\u0131d\u0131r<\/p>\n

ca\u00a0<\/sub><\/strong>, zon i\u00e7indeki hayvanlar\u0131n de\u011feridir<\/p>\n

cb\u00a0<\/sub><\/strong>, zona i\u00e7indeki binan\u0131n de\u011feridir<\/p>\n

cc\u00a0<\/sub><\/strong>, zon i\u00e7eri\u011finin de\u011feridir<\/p>\n

cs\u00a0<\/sub><\/strong>, zon i\u00e7indeki i\u00e7 tesisat ve hizmetlerinin de\u011feridir<\/p>\n

ct\u00a0<\/sub><\/strong>, yap\u0131n\u0131n toplam de\u011feridir (t\u00fcm zonlardaki hayvanlar, binalar, i\u00e7erikler ve i\u00e7 sistemlerle hizmetlerinin toplam\u0131)<\/p>\n

IEC 62305-2 numaral\u0131 standart\u00a0\u00a0Lt\u00a0<\/sub><\/strong>, Lf\u00a0<\/sub><\/strong>, Lo\u00a0<\/sub><\/strong>, de\u011ferleri i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da tabloda verilen de\u011ferleri belirtmektedir. (Tablo 2.3.4.2) Bu de\u011ferleri belirli bir bina \u00f6zelinde de\u011fi\u015ftirilebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Hasar Tipi<\/strong><\/td>\nTipik Kay\u0131p De\u011feri<\/strong><\/td>\nYap\u0131 Tipi<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
D1: Yaralanmalar<\/td>\nLt<\/sub><\/td>\n0,01<\/td>\nT\u00fcm tipler<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
D2:Fiziksel Hasar<\/td>\nLf<\/sub><\/td>\n1<\/td>\nPatlama riski<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
0,5<\/td>\nHastane, end\u00fcstriyel yap\u0131, m\u00fcze, tar\u0131m i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan tesis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
0,2<\/td>\nOtel, okul, ofis binas\u0131, ibadethane, e\u011flence mekan\u0131, ekonomik katk\u0131 sa\u011flayan bina<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
0,1<\/td>\nDi\u011fer<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
D3:\u0130\u00e7 sistemlerin ar\u0131zlanmas\u0131<\/td>\nLo<\/sub><\/td>\n0,1<\/td>\nPatlama riski<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
0,01<\/td>\nHastane, end\u00fcstriyel yap\u0131, ofis binas\u0131, otel, ekonomik katk\u0131 sa\u011flayan bina<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
0,001<\/td>\nM\u00fcze,okul, ibadethane, e\u011flence mekan\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
0,0001<\/td>\nDi\u011fer<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Tablo 2.3.4.2<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

3.\u00a0 Risk Analizi i\u00e7in algoritma<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Yap\u0131ya y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131mdan korunma tesisat\u0131 kurulumundan \u00f6nce yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken risk analizinin mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 1. b\u00f6l\u00fcmde g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fck. Ancak 1. b\u00f6l\u00fcmdeki form\u00fcllerde kullan\u0131lan \u00e7ok say\u0131daki parametrelerin nas\u0131l bulunaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ise 2. b\u00f6l\u00fcmde anlatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131k. \u00c7ok say\u0131da parametre bulunmas\u0131 hesaplarda karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa yol a\u00e7abilmektedir. Bu nedenle, hesaplaman\u0131n nas\u0131l yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki ak\u0131\u015f diyagram\u0131nda \u00f6zetlenmi\u015ftir. (Resim 3.1)<\/p>\n

\"ak\u0131\u015f\u00a0 Resim 3.1<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu ak\u0131\u015f diyagram\u0131 sayesinde risk analizi yap\u0131larak, yap\u0131m\u0131zda y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131mdan korunma tesisat\u0131 yap\u0131p yapmamaya, yapacaksak ne seviyede bir koruma yapaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131za, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 gerilimden korunma ad\u0131na ba\u015fka tedbir al\u0131p almayaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131za karar vermi\u015f oluruz.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Kaynaklar:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Dehn-International Lightning Protection Guide (3rd Updated Edition)<\/a><\/li>\n
  2. Furse\u00a0 Guide to BS EN\/IEC 62305<\/a><\/li>\n
  3. TS EN 62305-1 Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131mdan Korunma B\u00f6l\u00fcm 1 Genel Kurallar<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

     <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n ne oldu\u011funu hepimiz \u00e7ok iyi biliriz. Burada y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n nas\u0131l olu\u015ftu\u011funu de\u011fil elektriksel a\u00e7\u0131dan hem can\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 hem de mal\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 nas\u0131l koruyaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 irdelemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131z. Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131mdan korunma tesisat\u0131 ile ilgili olarak “IEC 62305 Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131mdan korunma” isimli standart Avrupal\u0131 t\u00fcm \u00fclkelere yol g\u00f6stermektedir. Bizim \u00fclkemizde de ayn\u0131 standart, TS EN 62305 ismi ile yer almaktad\u0131r. Binam\u0131za y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131mdan korunma… Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131mdan Korunma – Risk Analizi<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":3568,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92],"class_list":["post-1760","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-elektrik-tesisat","tag-asiri-gerilim","tag-darbe-gerilimi","tag-faraday","tag-lemp","tag-lightning","tag-lightning-protection","tag-parafudr","tag-paratoner","tag-risk-analizi","tag-risk-assessment","tag-risk-management","tag-spd","tag-yildirim","tag-yildirimdan-korunma"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/benga.pro\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1760","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/benga.pro\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/benga.pro\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/benga.pro\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/benga.pro\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1760"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/benga.pro\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1760\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/benga.pro\/index.php\/wp-json\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/benga.pro\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1760"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/benga.pro\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1760"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/benga.pro\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1760"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}