{"id":1789,"date":"2018-02-20T16:44:46","date_gmt":"2018-02-20T13:44:46","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/mekanikelektriktesisat.com\/?p=1789"},"modified":"2018-02-20T16:44:46","modified_gmt":"2018-02-20T13:44:46","slug":"izolasyon-kalinliginin-hesaplanmasi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/benga.pro\/index.php\/2018\/02\/20\/izolasyon-kalinliginin-hesaplanmasi\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0130zolasyon Kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Hesaplanmas\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Boru veya hava kanallar\u0131ndaki ak\u0131\u015fkan\u0131n ge\u00e7ti\u011fi g\u00fczergah boyunca enerjisini l\u00fczumsuz yere ortama vermesini engellemek i\u00e7in izolasyon yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. \u00dclkemizde 2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan\u00a0B\u0130NALARDA ENERJ\u0130 PERFORMANSI Y\u00d6NETMEL\u0130\u011e\u0130 ile mekanik tesisat yal\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in bir kural getirilmi\u015ftir.\u00a0 2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda y\u00f6netmelik ilk \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, \u00f6zellikle boru izolasyonu i\u00e7in asgari yal\u0131t\u0131m kal\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 veren bir tabloyu da\u00a0 i\u00e7eriyordu. Fakat 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda bu tablo kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve izolasyon kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tespiti i\u00e7in i\u00e7in hesaplama yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u015fart ko\u015fmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n<p>Y\u00f6netmelik &#8220;Mekanik Tesisat Yal\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 Madde 11&#8243;de \u015fu ifade yer almaktad\u0131r:<\/p>\n<p><em>Binalar\u0131n \u0131s\u0131tma, so\u011futma, havaland\u0131rma ve klima gibi enerji kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 etkileyen tesisatlar\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan borular, kollekt\u00f6rler ve ba\u011flant\u0131 malzemeleri, vanalar, havaland\u0131rma ve iklimlendirme kanallar\u0131, s\u0131hhi s\u0131cak su \u00fcreticileri ve depolama \u00fcniteleri, yak\u0131t depolar\u0131 ve di\u011fer mekanik tesisat ekipmanlar\u0131, \u0131s\u0131 k\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fcne yol a\u00e7mayacak \u015fekilde ve y\u00fczey s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile i\u00e7 ortam s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 aras\u0131nda 5C&#8217;den fazla fark ve y\u00fczeyde yo\u011fu\u015fma olmayacak \u015fekilde yal\u0131t\u0131l\u0131r.\u00a0\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Yani, yo\u011fu\u015fmay\u0131 bir kenara b\u0131rak\u0131rsak, izolasyon y\u00fczey s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile ortam s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki fark en fazla 5\u00baC olabilir. Bu kritere g\u00f6re bir hesap yap\u0131l\u0131r ve bir kal\u0131nl\u0131k de\u011feri bulunur. \u015eayet bu kal\u0131nl\u0131k de\u011feri sonunda izolasyonlu y\u00fczeyin s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortam\u0131n \u00e7i\u011f noktas\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131ndaysa yo\u011fu\u015fma olu\u015facak demektir. Bu durumda 5\u00baC kriterini daha a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya \u00e7ekip yo\u011fu\u015fman\u0131n olmayaca\u011f\u0131 yeni bir kal\u0131nl\u0131k de\u011feri bulmak gerekir.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130zolasyon kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n hesaplanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in <strong>TS EN ISO 12241:2008<\/strong> &#8220;<span id=\"cph1_lblBaslik\">Bina donan\u0131mlar\u0131 ve end\u00fcstriyel tesisatlar i\u00e7in \u0131s\u0131l yal\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 &#8211; Hesaplama kurallar\u0131&#8221; isimli standart kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" size-full wp-image-1836 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/resim4.jpg\" alt=\"resim4\" width=\"225\" height=\"225\" \/><\/p>\n<h4>1. Is\u0131 Transferi<\/h4>\n<p>Is\u0131 transferi 3 farkl\u0131 \u015fekilde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir:<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0130letim (Kond\u00fcksiyon):<\/strong> Bu transfer \u015fekli, en bilinen y\u00f6ntemdir. Temas halindeki iki maddeden y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131kta olandan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131kta olana do\u011fru bir \u0131s\u0131 ge\u00e7i\u015fi olur. T\u0131pk\u0131 s\u0131cak bir \u015feye dokununca elimizin yanmas\u0131 gibi.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ta\u015f\u0131ma (Konveksiyon): <\/strong>Bu transfer \u015feklinde bir ak\u0131\u015fkan bulunmas\u0131 gerekir. Asl\u0131nda \u0131s\u0131tma\/so\u011futma\u00a0 tesisatlar\u0131nda yap\u0131lan \u015fey budur. Bir b\u00f6lgede \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lan su yada hava gibi bir ak\u0131\u015fkan ba\u015fka bir b\u00f6lgeye g\u00f6nderilerek transfer ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>I\u015f\u0131n\u0131m (Radyasyon): <\/strong>Bu transfer \u015feklinde \u0131s\u0131, herhangi bir fiziksel ortama gerek duymadan elektromanyetik dalga \u015feklinde yay\u0131l\u0131r. So\u011fuk bir g\u00fcnde bile g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n bizleri \u0131s\u0131tmas\u0131 gibi.<\/p>\n<h5>1.1. \u0130zolasyon kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hesaplamas\u0131nda hangi \u0131s\u0131 transfer \u015fekli bulunur?<\/h5>\n<p>\u0130zolasyon kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hesaplamas\u0131nda t\u00fcm \u0131s\u0131 transfer \u015fekilleri mevcuttur. Bu sebeple hesaplamalar\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131 olduk\u00e7a karma\u015f\u0131k ve zahmetlidir. Elle hesaplama yap\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00e7ok ciddi zaman almaktad\u0131r. Bu sebeple ISO 12241&#8217;e g\u00f6re haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131 kullanmak hem hata olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 azalt\u0131r hem de zaman kazand\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>\u015eimdi, bir mahalde i\u00e7inden 80\u00baC s\u0131cak suyun ge\u00e7ti\u011fi bir boru d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnelim. Bu borunun \u00fczerinde yeteri kal\u0131nl\u0131kta bir izolasyon oldu\u011funu ve izolasyonun \u00fczerinin de al\u00fcminyum sac ile kapland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 varsayal\u0131m. Borunun i\u00e7indeki ak\u0131\u015fkan ile boru i\u00e7 \u00e7eperi aras\u0131nda t\u015f\u0131n\u0131m (konveksiyon) ile \u0131s\u0131 transferi ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Boru ile izolasyon birbirlerine temas ediyor olduklar\u0131ndan bu ikisi aras\u0131nda iletim(kond\u00fcksiyon) ile bir \u0131s\u0131 ge\u00e7i\u015fi olur. Benzer \u015fekilde izolasyon ile sac kaplama da birbirlerine temas ettiklerinden bir iletim s\u00f6z konusudur. Sac kaplama ile borunun ge\u00e7ti\u011fi ortam\u0131n havas\u0131 aras\u0131nda yine ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131m(konveksiyon) ile \u0131s\u0131 transferi vard\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca al\u00fcminyum kaplaman\u0131n \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m ile \u0131s\u0131 transferi yapmas\u0131 da s\u00f6z konusudur. G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi 3 \u0131s\u0131 transfer \u015fekli de izolasyon kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hesaplamas\u0131nda dikkate al\u0131nmak durumundad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<h5>1.2. Is\u0131 \u0130letim Direnci<\/h5>\n<p>Daha \u00f6nce s\u00f6yledi\u011fimiz gibi tesisat\u0131m\u0131zdaki boru yada ak\u0131\u015fkan\u0131n enerjisinin ortama l\u00fczumsuz yere yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 istemeyiz. Bunun engellemek i\u00e7in tesisat\u0131m\u0131zla ortam aras\u0131na bir engel koymam\u0131z gerekir. Bu engel \u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7i\u015fine kar\u015f\u0131 diren\u00e7 g\u00f6sterecek ve m\u00fcmk\u00fcn mertebe \u0131s\u0131 transferini engelleyecektir.\u00a0 \u0130zolasyon ile yap\u0131lan \u015fey de tam olarak budur. \u0130zolasyon malzemelerinin \u0131s\u0131 iletim diren\u00e7leri olduk\u00e7a y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fundan bu noktada i\u015fimizi g\u00f6recektir.<\/p>\n<p>Her malzemenin kendine has bir \u0131s\u0131l iletkenlik (\u03bb) de\u011feri\u00a0 vard\u0131r ve birimi W\/m\u00baK\u00a0 dir. Is\u0131l iletkenlik de\u011ferinin tersine \u0131s\u0131l iletim direnci ad\u0131 verilir. Bu malzemeler yan yana geldiklerinde t\u0131pk\u0131 elektrik sistemlerindeki diren\u00e7lerin seri ba\u011flanmas\u0131 misali \u0131s\u0131 iletim diren\u00e7leri toplan\u0131r ve tesisat\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n \u0131s\u0131 transferine kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi toplam diren\u00e7 (R<sub>T<\/sub>) bulunur. Birimi m\u00baK\/W d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<h4>2. \u0130zolasyon Kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Hesaplanmas\u0131<\/h4>\n<p>\u0130zolasyon kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n hesaplanmas\u0131nda temel form\u00fcl metre ba\u015f\u0131na kaybolan \u0131s\u0131 miktar\u0131n\u0131 veren a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki denklemdir.<\/p>\n<p>q =( \u0398<sub>i\u00e7<\/sub> &#8211; \u0398<sub>d\u0131\u015f<\/sub>\u00a0)\/ R<sub>T\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/sub>W\/m<\/p>\n<p>Burada,<\/p>\n<p>\u0398<sub>i\u00e7\u00a0<\/sub>\u00a0<sub>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/sub>\u00baK cinsinden ak\u0131\u015fkan\u0131n s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/p>\n<p>\u0398<sub>d\u0131\u015f\u00a0<\/sub>\u00a0<sub>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/sub>\u00baK cinsinden y\u00fczey s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/p>\n<p>R<sub>T\u00a0<\/sub>\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<sub>\u00a0 \u00a0 <\/sub>m\u00baK\/W cinsinden sistemin toplan \u0131s\u0131 iletim direnci<\/p>\n<p>q\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0m ba\u015f\u0131na kaybolan toplan \u0131s\u0131 miktar\u0131 (W\/m)<\/p>\n<p>Bu form\u00fcl yard\u0131m\u0131yla izoleli y\u00fczeyin s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bulunur ve y\u00f6netmelik gere\u011fi ortam ile aras\u0131ndaki fark\u0131n azami 5\u00baC olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kontrol edilir. Bu denkleme bak\u0131nca hesaplamalar basitmi\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnse de R<sub>T\u00a0<\/sub>de\u011ferinin bulunmas\u0131 olduk\u00e7a zahmetlidir.<\/p>\n<h5>2.1. Havada (Toprak\u00fcst\u00fc) Bulunan Sistemlerde \u0130zolasyon Kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Hesaplanmas\u0131<\/h5>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" size-full wp-image-1857 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/borukesit.jpg\" alt=\"borukesit\" width=\"374\" height=\"239\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1858 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/kanalkesit.jpg\" alt=\"kanalkesit\" width=\"426\" height=\"237\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Yukar\u0131daki boru \u00f6rne\u011fimizde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z gibi borunun i\u00e7inden d\u0131\u015f\u0131na do\u011fru yani ak\u0131\u015fkandan ortama do\u011fru ilerleyerek tek tek her katman\u0131n \u0131s\u0131 iletim diren\u00e7lerini bulal\u0131m ve bu diren\u00e7leri toplayarak toplam \u0131s\u0131l iletim direncini tespit edelim.<\/p>\n<p><strong>R<sub>T\u00a0\u00a0<\/sub>= R<sub>a\u00a0<\/sub>+ R<sub>b\u00a0<\/sub>+ R<sub>i\u00a0<\/sub>+ R<sub>k\u00a0<\/sub>+ R<sub>y<\/sub><sub>\u00a0<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1834\" src=\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/resim2.png\" alt=\"resim2\" width=\"683\" height=\"385\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h5>2.1.1. Ak\u0131\u015fkan (<strong>R<sub>a\u00a0<\/sub>)<\/strong><strong><sub>\u00a0<\/sub><\/strong><\/h5>\n<p>Ak\u0131\u015fkan, boru i\u00e7inde su, buhar yada ba\u015fka bir s\u0131v\u0131\/gaz olabilir. Ya da bir kanal i\u00e7inden ge\u00e7mekte olan hava olabilir. Bu ak\u0131\u015fkan ile boru\/kanal i\u00e7 y\u00fczeyi aras\u0131nda bir \u0131s\u0131 al\u0131\u015fveri\u015fi olacakt\u0131r. Bu \u0131s\u0131 al\u0131\u015fveri\u015fi ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131m (konveksiyon) t\u00fcr\u00fcnden bir \u0131s\u0131 ge\u00e7i\u015fidir. Ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131mla ge\u00e7i\u015fi yap\u0131lan \u0131s\u0131 miktar\u0131 :<\/p>\n<p>q =h<sub>iy<\/sub>\u00a0(\u0398<sub>a<\/sub>\u00a0&#8211; \u0398<sub>iy<\/sub>)<\/p>\n<p>Bu form\u00fclde kullan\u0131lan h<sub>iy <\/sub>ak\u0131\u015fkan ile i\u00e7 y\u00fczey aras\u0131ndaki \u0131s\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131m katsay\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Birimi W\/m<sup>2<\/sup>\u00a0\u00baK dir.\u00a0<strong>\u0398<\/strong><sub>a<\/sub>\u00a0ak\u0131\u015fkan s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131,\u00a0 \u00a0<strong>\u0398<\/strong><sub>iy<\/sub>\u00a0boru\/kanal i\u00e7 y\u00fczeyinin s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Bu noktada\u00a0h<sub>iy<\/sub>\u00a0 \u00a0de\u011ferini tespit etmek bir dizi i\u015flem yapmay\u0131 gerektirir. \u0130lk olarak Nusselt say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131(Nu) bulmak gerekir.\u00a0<b>Nusselt say\u0131s\u0131<\/b>, ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131m \u0131s\u0131 transfer katsay\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n iletim \u0131s\u0131 transfer katsay\u0131s\u0131na oranlar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiyi ifade eden bir boyutsuz say\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1800\" src=\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/nusselt01.jpg\" alt=\"Nusselt0\" width=\"436\" height=\"83\" \/><\/p>\n<p>D, burada karakteristik uzunluktur. Borularda \u00e7ap, kanallarda e\u015fde\u011fer \u00e7ap al\u0131nabilir. birimi m&#8217;dir.\u00a0\u03bb<sub>a<\/sub>\u00a0ise ak\u0131\u015fkan\u0131n \u0131s\u0131l iletim katsay\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r, birimi\u00a0W\/m\u00baK dir.<\/p>\n<p>Bu form\u00fclden\u00a0h<sub>iy<\/sub>\u00a0de\u011ferini \u00e7ekersek<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1799\" src=\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/hiy.jpg\" alt=\"hiy\" width=\"130\" height=\"62\" \/><\/p>\n<p>olur. \u03bb<sub>ak\u0131\u015fkan\u00a0\u00a0<\/sub>ve \u00e7ap de\u011feri D bilindi\u011fine g\u00f6re \u0131s\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131m katsay\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 tespit etmek i\u00e7in Nu Nusselt say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n bilinmesi gereklidir. Nu say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n tespiti i\u00e7in ampirik form\u00fcller verilmi\u015ftir. Ancak bu ampirik form\u00fcller ak\u0131\u015fkan\u0131n ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n laminer yada t\u00fcrb\u00fclansl\u0131 olu\u015funa g\u00f6re farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6stermektedir. Bilindi\u011fi gibi ak\u0131\u015fkan\u0131n ak\u0131\u015f t\u00fcr\u00fc i\u00e7in Reynolds Say\u0131s\u0131 Re de\u011ferine bak\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1797\" src=\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/reynolds0.jpg\" alt=\"reynolds0\" width=\"383\" height=\"68\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u03c1 :<\/strong><em><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/em>Ak\u0131\u015fkan\u0131n yo\u011funlu\u011fu [kg\/m<sup>3<\/sup>\u00a0]<\/p>\n<p><strong>v<sub>s<\/sub><\/strong><strong>\u00a0:<\/strong><em><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/em>Ak\u0131\u015fkan\u0131n h\u0131z\u0131 [m\/s]<\/p>\n<p><strong>D :<\/strong> Karakteristik uzunluk\u00a0[m] (\u00c7ap, e\u015fde\u011fer \u00e7ap)<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00b5 : <\/strong>Ak\u0131\u015fkan\u0131n dinamik viskozitesi [kg\/ms]<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>v <\/strong><\/em><strong>:<\/strong> Ak\u0131\u015fkan\u0131n kinematik viskozitesi [m<sup>2<\/sup>\/s]<\/p>\n<p><strong>Re &lt; 2300\u00a0<\/strong> ise ak\u0131\u015fkan <strong>laminer<\/strong> ak\u0131\u015ftad\u0131r,<\/p>\n<p><strong>10.000 &gt; Re&gt;2300<\/strong> ise ak\u0131\u015fkan <strong>ge\u00e7i\u015f<\/strong> evresindedir<\/p>\n<p><strong>Re &gt; 10.000<\/strong> ise ak\u0131\u015fkan <strong>t\u00fcrb\u00fclansl\u0131<\/strong> ak\u0131\u015ftad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>E\u011fer ak\u0131\u015f laminer veya ge\u00e7i\u015f evresindeyse Nu say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n tespiti i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki form\u00fcl kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1791\" src=\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/nusselt1.jpg\" alt=\"Nusselt1\" width=\"320\" height=\"124\" \/><\/p>\n<p>E\u011fer ak\u0131\u015f t\u00fcrb\u00fclansl\u0131 ise Nu say\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki form\u00fcl kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1792\" src=\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/nusselt2.jpg\" alt=\"Nusselt2\" width=\"221\" height=\"55\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Nu say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 veren form\u00fcllerde ge\u00e7en b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckler \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/p>\n<p><strong>D :<\/strong> Karakteristik uzunluk\u00a0[m] (\u00c7ap, e\u015fde\u011fer \u00e7ap)<\/p>\n<p><strong>L :<\/strong> Hatt\u0131n uzunlu\u011fu [m]<\/p>\n<p><strong>Re :<\/strong>\u00a0Reynolds say\u0131s\u0131<\/p>\n<p><strong>Pr :<\/strong>\u00a0Prandatl say\u0131s\u0131<\/p>\n<p><strong>n :<\/strong>\u00a0Is\u0131t\u0131c\u0131 ak\u0131\u015fkan yada so\u011futucu ak\u0131\u015fkan olmas\u0131na g\u00f6re \u00fcs say\u0131s\u0131 (\u0131s\u0131tma i\u00e7in n=0,4, so\u011futma i\u00e7in n=0,3)<\/p>\n<p>Reynolds say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 zaten ak\u0131\u015f t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc belirlerken hesap etmi\u015ftik. \u015eimdi ise Prandatl say\u0131s\u0131 Pr&#8217;yi bulmam\u0131z gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>Prandatl say\u0131s\u0131, Pr,\u00a0momentum ve \u0131s\u0131l da\u011f\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131n oran\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131r ve a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki form\u00fcl ile bulunur.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1829\" src=\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/prandatl01.jpg\" alt=\"prandatl0\" width=\"383\" height=\"67\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>c<sub>p<\/sub><\/strong><strong>\u00a0:<\/strong><em><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/em>Ak\u0131\u015fkan\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcl \u0131s\u0131s\u0131 [kJ\/kg\u00baK]<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00b5 : <\/strong>Ak\u0131\u015fkan\u0131n dinamik viskozitesi [kg\/ms]<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u03bb<sub>a<\/sub>\u00a0: <\/strong>Ak\u0131\u015fkan\u0131n \u0131s\u0131l iletkenlik katsay\u0131s\u0131 [W\/m\u00baK]<\/p>\n<p>Bu arada \u015funu hat\u0131rlatmakta fayda var, ak\u0131\u015fkan\u0131n yo\u011funluk, viskozite, \u0131s\u0131l iletkenlik, \u00f6zg\u00fcl \u0131s\u0131 gibi de\u011ferleri i\u00e7in ak\u0131\u015fkan\u0131n bulundu\u011fu s\u0131cakl\u0131ktaki de\u011ferlerini esas almak gerekir.<\/p>\n<p>S\u0131ras\u0131yla, Pr say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ve Re say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 bulduktan sonra Nu say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 bulabilir ve a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki form\u00fclde zaten bilmekte oldu\u011fumuz D, \u00e7ap bilgisi ve\u00a0\u03bb<sub>a<\/sub>\u00a0,\u00a0 ak\u0131\u015fkan\u0131n \u0131s\u0131l iletim katsay\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 da kullanarak\u00a0<strong>\u00a0h<sub>iy<\/sub>\u00a0<\/strong> \u00a0de\u011ferini tespit edebiliriz.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1799\" src=\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/hiy.jpg\" alt=\"hiy\" width=\"130\" height=\"62\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>h<sub>iy<\/sub>\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0 ak\u0131\u015fkan ile i\u00e7 y\u00fczey aras\u0131ndaki \u0131s\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131m katsay\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r ve<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1801\" src=\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/unnamed-file.ra.jpg\" alt=\"Ra\" width=\"131\" height=\"65\" \/><\/p>\n<p>ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 ile boru\/kanal i\u00e7indeki\u00a0 <strong>R<sub>a<\/sub>\u00a0<\/strong>ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131m direncini bulmu\u015f oluruz. \u00c7ap D, borularda\u00a0 [m] olarak boru i\u00e7 \u00e7ap\u0131 <strong>D<sub><strong>b<\/strong>i<\/sub>\u00a0<\/strong>, kanallarda ise [m] olarak\u00a0\u00a0<strong>D<sub>ki_e<\/sub>\u00a0<\/strong>, e\u015fede\u011fer kanal i\u00e7 \u00e7ap\u0131 al\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1849\" src=\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/ra1.jpg\" alt=\"Ra1\" width=\"164\" height=\"211\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1833\" src=\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/resim1.jpg\" alt=\"resim1\" width=\"648\" height=\"648\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h5>2.1.2. Boru\/Kanal (<strong>R<sub>b\u00a0<\/sub>)<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p>Ak\u0131\u015fkan\u0131n i\u00e7inden ge\u00e7ti\u011fi boru\/kanal malzemesinin i\u00e7 y\u00fczeyi ile d\u0131\u015f y\u00fczeyi aras\u0131nda bir \u0131s\u0131 iletimi s\u00f6z konusudur. Malzemenin t\u00fcr\u00fc ne olursa olsun \u0131s\u0131 ge\u00e7i\u015fine kar\u015f\u0131 bir miktar diren\u00e7 g\u00f6steriyor olaca\u011f\u0131ndan i\u00e7 y\u00fczey s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilke d\u0131\u015f y\u00fczey s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 aras\u0131nda bir fark olacakt\u0131r. \u00c7elik malzemelerde \u0131s\u0131l iletim direnci d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck oldu\u011fundan bu \u0131s\u0131 fark\u0131 ihmal edilebilir ama \u00f6zellikle plastik t\u00fcrevi(HDPE, PPRC,PVC, vs.) malzemelerde \u0131s\u0131l iletim direnci y\u00fcksektir ve hesaba kat\u0131lmas\u0131 gereklidir.<\/p>\n<p>Silindirik \u015fekillerde (yani borularda, yuvarlak kanallarda) \u0131s\u0131l iletim direnci\u00a0<strong>R<sub>b<\/sub>\u00a0<\/strong>i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131 kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1807\" src=\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/rb1.jpg\" alt=\"Rb\" width=\"139\" height=\"79\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>D<sub>bd<\/sub><\/strong><strong>\u00a0:<\/strong><em><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/em>Boru d\u0131\u015f \u00e7ap\u0131 [m]<\/p>\n<p><strong>D<sub>di<\/sub><\/strong><strong>\u00a0:<\/strong><em><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/em>Boru i\u00e7 \u00e7ap\u0131 [m]<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u03bb<sub>b<\/sub> : <\/strong>Boru malzemesi\u00a0iletkenlik katsay\u0131s\u0131 [W\/m\u00baK]<\/p>\n<p>Prizmatik \u015fekillerde (yani prizmatik kanallarda) \u0131s\u0131l iletim direnci\u00a0<strong>R<sub>b<\/sub>\u00a0<\/strong>i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131 kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1808\" src=\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/rk3.jpg\" alt=\"Rk\" width=\"196\" height=\"73\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>d<\/strong><strong>\u00a0:<\/strong><em><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/em>Et kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 [m]<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00c7<sub>kd<\/sub><\/strong><strong>\u00a0:<\/strong><em><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/em>Kanal\u0131n d\u0131\u015f \u00e7evresi [m]<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00c7<sub>ki<\/sub><\/strong><strong>\u00a0:<\/strong><em><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/em>Kanal\u0131n\u00a0i\u00e7 \u00e7evresi [m]<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u03bb<sub>b<\/sub> : <\/strong>Kanal\u00a0malzemesi\u00a0iletkenlik katsay\u0131s\u0131 [W\/m\u00baK]<\/p>\n<p>B\u00f6ylece boru\/kanal malzemesinin \u0131s\u0131l iletkenlik direnci\u00a0<strong>R<sub>b<\/sub>\u00a0<\/strong>yi de\u00a0tespit etmi\u015f oluruz.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h5>2.1.3. \u0130zolasyon (<strong>R<sub>i\u00a0<\/sub>)<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p>Boru yada kanal\u0131n etraf\u0131na uygulanm\u0131\u015f olan izolasyonun bir kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. Asl\u0131nda t\u00fcm bu hesaplamalar\u0131 yapmam\u0131z\u0131n sebebi izolasyon kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tespit etmek oldu\u011funa g\u00f6re \u015fu a\u015famada izolasyon kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 biliyor olamay\u0131z. Ancak \u015fimdilik konunun anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bildi\u011fimizi kabul edip yolumuza devam edelim.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130zolasyon katman\u0131n\u0131n \u0131s\u0131l iletkenlik direncinin hesaplanmas\u0131 t\u0131pk\u0131 boru\/kanal malzemesinin \u0131s\u0131l iletkenlik direncinin hesaplanmas\u0131na benzer. Sadece boru\/kanal malzemesi yerine izolasyon malzemesine ait de\u011ferleri koymak gerekir.<\/p>\n<p>Silindirik \u015fekillerde (yani borularda, yuvarlak kanallarda) izolasyon katman\u0131n\u0131n \u0131s\u0131l iletim direnci\u00a0<strong>R<sub>i<\/sub>\u00a0<\/strong>i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131 kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1809\" src=\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/ri.jpg\" alt=\"Ri\" width=\"142\" height=\"86\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>D<sub>id<\/sub><\/strong><strong>\u00a0:<\/strong><em><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/em>\u0130zolasyonlu\u00a0d\u0131\u015f \u00e7ap [m]<\/p>\n<p><strong>D<sub>ii<\/sub><\/strong><strong>\u00a0:<\/strong><em><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/em>\u0130zolasyon katman\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7 \u00e7ap\u0131 [m] (Ayn\u0131 zamanda boru d\u0131\u015f \u00e7ap\u0131,\u00a0<strong>D<sub>bd<\/sub><\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong>)<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u03bb<sub>i<\/sub> : <\/strong>\u0130zolasyon\u00a0malzemesi\u00a0iletkenlik katsay\u0131s\u0131 [W\/m\u00baK]<\/p>\n<p>Prizmatik \u015fekillerde (yani prizmatik kanallarda) izolasyon katman\u0131n\u0131n \u0131s\u0131l iletim direnci\u00a0<strong>R<sub>b<\/sub>\u00a0<\/strong>i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131 kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1812\" src=\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/rki1.jpg\" alt=\"Rki\" width=\"182\" height=\"69\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>d<sub>i<\/sub><\/strong><strong>\u00a0:<\/strong><em><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/em>\u0130zolasyon\u00a0kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 [m]<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00c7<sub>id<\/sub><\/strong><strong>\u00a0:<\/strong><em><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/em>\u0130zolasyon katman\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f \u00e7evresi [m]<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00c7<sub>ii<\/sub><\/strong><strong>\u00a0:<\/strong><em><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/em>\u0130zolasyonun i\u00e7 \u00e7evresi [m] (Ayn\u0131 zamanda kanal\u0131n d\u0131\u015f \u00e7evresi,\u00a0<strong>\u00c7<sub>kd<\/sub><\/strong> )<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u03bb<sub>i<\/sub> : <\/strong>\u0130zolasyon malzemesi\u00a0iletkenlik katsay\u0131s\u0131 [W\/m\u00baK]<\/p>\n<p>B\u00f6ylece izolasyon malzemesinin \u0131s\u0131l iletkenlik direnci\u00a0<strong>R<sub>i<\/sub>\u00a0<\/strong>yi de\u00a0tespit etmi\u015f oluruz.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h5>2.1.4. Kaplama\/K\u0131l\u0131f\u00a0 (<strong>R<sub>k\u00a0<\/sub>)<\/strong><strong><sub>\u00a0<\/sub><\/strong><\/h5>\n<p>Genelde uygulamalarda izolasyon katman\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcn\u00fcn koruyucu bir malzeme ile kapland\u0131\u011f\u0131na rastlar\u0131z. Bu kaplama al\u00fcminyum, galvaniz t\u00fcr\u00fc bir sac kaplama olabilece\u011fi gibi \u00fcreticisinden izolasyonun \u00fczerinde gelen al\u00fcminyum folyo da olabilir. Ayr\u0131ca \u00f6zellikle \u00f6n izolasyonlu borularda rastlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z HDPE t\u00fcr\u00fc bir k\u0131l\u0131f da kullan\u0131l\u0131yor olabilir.<\/p>\n<p>Sac ya da folyonun \u0131s\u0131l iletim anlam\u0131nda kayda de\u011fer bir diren\u00e7 g\u00f6stermeyece\u011fini kolayl\u0131kla tahmin edebiliriz. Fakat k\u0131l\u0131f olarak kullan\u0131lan kaplamalar \u00f6nemli \u0131s\u0131l diren\u00e7 g\u00f6stereceklerinden hesaba al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Silindirik \u015fekillerde (yani borularda, yuvarlak kanallarda) kaplama\/k\u0131l\u0131f katman\u0131n\u0131n \u0131s\u0131l iletim direnci\u00a0<strong>R<sub>k<\/sub>\u00a0<\/strong>i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131 kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1813\" src=\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/rkaplama.jpg\" alt=\"Rkaplama\" width=\"153\" height=\"86\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>D<sub>kd<\/sub><\/strong><strong>\u00a0:<\/strong><em><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/em>Kaplama\/K\u0131l\u0131f\u00a0d\u0131\u015f \u00e7ap\u0131 [m]<\/p>\n<p><strong>D<sub>ki<\/sub><\/strong><strong>\u00a0:<\/strong><em><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/em>Kaplama\/K\u0131l\u0131f\u00a0 i\u00e7 \u00e7ap\u0131 [m] (Ayn\u0131 zamanda izolasyonlu \u00e7ap,\u00a0<strong>D<sub>id<\/sub><\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong>)<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u03bb<sub>k<\/sub> :\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>Kaplama\/K\u0131l\u0131f\u00a0\u00a0malzemesi\u00a0iletkenlik katsay\u0131s\u0131 [W\/m\u00baK]<\/p>\n<p>Prizmatik \u015fekillerde (yani prizmatik kanallarda) kaplama\/k\u0131l\u0131f katman\u0131n\u0131n \u0131s\u0131l iletim direnci\u00a0<strong>R<sub>k<\/sub>\u00a0<\/strong>i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131 kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1846\" src=\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/rkkkapl1.jpg\" alt=\"Rkkkapl\" width=\"197\" height=\"79\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>d<sub>k<\/sub><\/strong><strong>\u00a0:<\/strong><em><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/em>Kaplama\/K\u0131l\u0131f kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 [m]<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00c7<sub>kd<\/sub><\/strong><strong>\u00a0:<\/strong><em><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/em>Kaplama\/K\u0131l\u0131f katman\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f \u00e7evresi [m]<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00c7<sub>ki<\/sub><\/strong><strong>\u00a0:<\/strong><em><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/em>Kaplama\/K\u0131l\u0131f katman\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7 \u00e7evresi [m] (Ayn\u0131 zamanda izolasyon katman\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f \u00e7evresi,\u00a0<strong>\u00c7<sub>id<\/sub><\/strong> )<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u03bb<sub>k<\/sub> :\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>Kaplama\/K\u0131l\u0131f\u00a0\u00a0malzemesi\u00a0iletkenlik katsay\u0131s\u0131 [W\/m\u00baK]<\/p>\n<p>B\u00f6ylece\u00a0Kaplama\/K\u0131l\u0131f malzemesinin \u0131s\u0131l iletkenlik direnci\u00a0<strong>R<sub>k<\/sub>\u00a0<\/strong>y\u0131 da tespit etmi\u015f oluruz.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1837\" src=\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/resim5.jpg\" alt=\"resim5\" width=\"1024\" height=\"640\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h5>2.1.5.\u00a0D\u0131\u015f Y\u00fczey Direnci (Ry)<\/h5>\n<p>T\u0131pk\u0131 en ba\u015fta ak\u0131\u015fkan ile boru\/kanal \u00e7eperi aras\u0131nda olan \u0131s\u0131 al\u0131\u015fveri\u015fi gibi yal\u0131t\u0131m uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z boru\/kanal bulundu\u011fu ortamla bir \u0131s\u0131 al\u0131\u015fveri\u015fi yapacakt\u0131r.\u00a0 Bu \u0131s\u0131 al\u0131\u015fveri\u015fi iki \u015fekilde olur. \u0130lki \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131mla(Radyasyon) olan k\u0131s\u0131md\u0131r ve kaplama\/k\u0131l\u0131f malzemesiyle yak\u0131ndan ilgilidir.\u00a0 \u0130kinci k\u0131s\u0131m ile ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131mla olan \u0131s\u0131 transferidir.Bu k\u0131s\u0131m ise boru \/kanal sisteminin yatay\/dikey olmas\u0131na, a\u00e7\u0131k\/kapal\u0131 ortamda olmas\u0131na, r\u00fczgar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi bir tak\u0131m b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fcklere ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<h5>2.1.5.1\u00a0<em>Y\u00fczey Direncinin Is\u0131 I\u015f\u0131ma(Radyasyon) Katsay\u0131s\u0131 (h<strong><sub>r<\/sub>)<\/strong><strong><sub>\u00a0<\/sub><\/strong><\/em><\/h5>\n<p>Yal\u0131t\u0131m uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z boru yada kanal\u0131m\u0131z (\u015fayet toprak alt\u0131nda de\u011filse) bulundu\u011fu ortamla \u0131\u015f\u0131ma ile bir \u0131s\u0131 al\u0131\u015fveri\u015fi yapacakt\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle kaplama malzemesinin evsaf\u0131n\u0131n bu \u0131s\u0131 al\u0131\u015fveri\u015finde etkisi \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr.<\/p>\n<p><strong>h<sub>r<\/sub>\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0 d\u0131\u015f y\u00fczey ile ortam aras\u0131ndaki \u0131\u015f\u0131maya ait \u0131s\u0131 transfer katsay\u0131s\u0131 <strong>h<sub>r<\/sub>\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0 de\u011ferinin tespiti \u015fu \u015fekilde yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1820\" src=\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/hr1_1.jpg\" alt=\"hr1_1\" width=\"110\" height=\"36\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>a<sub>r<\/sub>\u00a0:<\/strong> S\u0131cakl\u0131k fakt\u00f6r\u00fc [\u00baK<sup>3<\/sup> ]<\/p>\n<p><strong>C<sub>r<\/sub> :\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>I\u015f\u0131n\u0131m katsay\u0131s\u0131\u00a0[W\/m<sup>2<\/sup>\u00a0\u00baK<sup>4<\/sup> ]<\/p>\n<p><strong>h<sub>r<\/sub> :\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>D\u0131\u015f y\u00fczey ile ortam aras\u0131ndaki \u0131\u015f\u0131maya ait \u0131s\u0131 transfer katsay\u0131s\u0131\u00a0[W\/m<sup>2<\/sup>\u00a0\u00baK ]<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1818\" src=\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/ar.jpg\" alt=\"ar\" width=\"182\" height=\"69\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>T<sub>1<\/sub>\u00a0:<\/strong>\u00a0Y\u00fczey s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 [\u00baK\u00a0]<\/p>\n<p><strong>T<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0:\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>Ortam s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 [\u00baK\u00a0]<\/p>\n<p>L\u00fctfen\u00a0<strong>a<sub>r<\/sub><\/strong>\u00a0de\u011ferini hesaplarken<strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>T<sub>1<\/sub>\u00a0<\/strong>ve <strong>T<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0 <\/strong>s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n\u00a0[\u00baK\u00a0] oldu\u011funa dikkat ediniz.[\u00baC ] kabul ederseniz yanl\u0131\u015f sonu\u00e7 bulursunuz. Is\u0131 transferi hesaplar\u0131nda\u00a0\u00a0[\u00baK\u00a0] yerine\u00a0[\u00baC ] kullanmak \u00e7o\u011fu zaman sonucu etkilemez ama\u00a0<strong>a<sub>r<\/sub><\/strong>\u00a0i\u00e7in bu durum farkl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1819\" src=\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/cr.jpg\" alt=\"cr\" width=\"101\" height=\"35\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u03b5\u00a0:\u00a0<\/strong>En d\u0131\u015f katman\u0131n (kaplama, k\u0131l\u0131f yada izolasyonun kendisi) yay\u0131n\u0131m katsay\u0131s\u0131[-\u00a0]<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u03c3\u00a0:<\/strong> 5,67&#215;10<sup>-8\u00a0<\/sup>[W\/m<sup>2<\/sup>\u00a0\u00baK<sup>4<\/sup>]<\/p>\n<p>G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi,<strong> \u03b5 <\/strong>yani en d\u0131\u015f katman\u0131n yay\u0131n\u0131m katsay\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n bilinmesine ihtiyac\u0131m\u0131z vard\u0131r. Bu de\u011fer i\u00e7in ISO 12241&#8217;de \u015fu tablo verilmi\u015ftir:<\/p>\n<table width=\"338\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"134\"><strong>Kaplama<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"98\"><strong>\u03b5<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"106\"><strong>Cr<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Al\u00fcminyum (Parlak)<\/td>\n<td>0,05<\/td>\n<td>0,28&#215;10<sup>-8<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Al\u00fcminyum (Kirli)<\/td>\n<td>0,13<\/td>\n<td>0,74&#215;10<sup>-8<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Galvaniz Sac (Temiz)<\/td>\n<td>0,26<\/td>\n<td>1,47&#215;10<sup>-8<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Galvaniz Sac (Kirli)<\/td>\n<td>0,44<\/td>\n<td>2,49&#215;10<sup>-8<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Paslanmaz \u00c7elik<\/td>\n<td>0,15<\/td>\n<td>0,85&#215;10<sup>-8<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Al\u00fcminyum \u00c7inko<\/td>\n<td>0,18<\/td>\n<td>1,02&#215;10<sup>-8<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Metal olmayan<\/td>\n<td>0,94<\/td>\n<td>5,33&#215;10<sup>-8<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Bu tablo yard\u0131m\u0131yla\u00a0<strong>\u03b5<\/strong> de\u011ferini de tespit dip yukar\u0131da verilen form\u00fcllerde yerine koyunca\u00a0\u00a0<strong>h<sub>r<\/sub>\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0 de\u011ferini bulmu\u015f oluruz.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" size-full wp-image-1838 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/resim6.jpg\" alt=\"resim6\" width=\"270\" height=\"187\" \/><\/p>\n<h4><\/h4>\n<h5>2.1.5.2\u00a0<em>Y\u00fczey Direncinin Is\u0131 Ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131m (Konveksiyon) Katsay\u0131s\u0131 (h<strong><sub>c<\/sub>)<\/strong><strong><sub>\u00a0<\/sub><\/strong><\/em><\/h5>\n<p>T\u0131pk\u0131 ak\u0131\u015fkan ile boru\/kanal \u00e7eperi aras\u0131ndaki ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131mla yap\u0131lan \u0131s\u0131 transferi gibi en son katmanla(kaplama, k\u0131l\u0131f yada izolasyonun kendisi) ortam\u0131n havas\u0131 aras\u0131nda da ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131mla bir \u0131s\u0131 al\u0131\u015fveri\u015fi olur.<\/p>\n<p><strong>h<sub>c<\/sub>\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0 d\u0131\u015f y\u00fczey ile ortam aras\u0131nda ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131m \u0131s\u0131 transfer katsay\u0131s\u0131 [W\/m<sup>2<\/sup>\u00a0\u00baK ] \u015fu \u015fekilde bulunur:<\/p>\n<p><strong>h<sub>c<\/sub>\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0 de\u011ferinin tespiti olduk\u00e7a fazla parametreye ve \u015farta ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r ve ISO 12241&#8217;de hesap y\u00f6ntemi detayl\u0131ca verilmi\u015ftir.\u00a0<strong>h<sub>c<\/sub>\u00a0<\/strong>de\u011feri s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve \u00e7ap bilgileri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda boru\/kanal sistemimizin kapal\u0131 yada a\u00e7\u0131k ortamda bulunmas\u0131na, yatay yada dikey olarak yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f olmas\u0131na,\u00a0 hava ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n laminer yada t\u00fcrb\u00fclansl\u0131 olmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu \u015fekilde 8 farkl\u0131 durum olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcm bu durumlara g\u00f6re\u00a0<strong>h<sub>c<\/sub>\u00a0<\/strong>de\u011ferinin farkl\u0131 farkl\u0131 form\u00fclleri vard\u0131r. Kolayl\u0131k olmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kullan\u0131lacak form\u00fcller a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki tabloda g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir:<\/p>\n<table width=\"374\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" rowspan=\"2\" width=\"118\"><strong>Lokasyon<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"128\"><strong>Dikey yerle\u015fim<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"128\"><strong>Yatay yerle\u015fim<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Laminer hava ak\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>T\u00fcrb\u00fclansl\u0131 hava ak\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Laminer hava ak\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>T\u00fcrb\u00fclansl\u0131 hava ak\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"118\"><strong>Kapal\u0131 Ortam<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong> (Bina i\u00e7i)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">\u00a0E\u015fitlik a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">\u00a0E\u015fitlik b<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">\u00a0E\u015fitlik c<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">\u00a0E\u015fitlik d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"118\"><strong>A\u00e7\u0131k Ortam <\/strong><br \/>\n<strong> (Bina d\u0131\u015f\u0131)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">\u00a0E\u015fitlik e<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">E\u015fitlik f<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">E\u015fitlik e<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">E\u015fitlik f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>E\u015fitlik a<\/strong><\/span> ( Kapal\u0131 ortamda, dikey yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f, laminer hava ak\u0131\u015fl\u0131 sistem)<\/p>\n<p>E\u011fer\u00a0 \u00a0 <strong>\u00a0[D<sub>bi<\/sub><sup>3<\/sup>\u00a0(\u0398<sub>ortam<\/sub>\u00a0&#8211; \u0398<span style=\"font-size: 13.3333px;\">y\u00fczey<\/span>\u00a0)]\u226410<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0m<sup>3<\/sup>\u00a0\u00baK ise ak\u0131\u015f <strong>laminerdir.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1823\" src=\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/hca.jpg\" alt=\"hca\" width=\"290\" height=\"107\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>E\u015fitlik b<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span>( Kapal\u0131 ortamda, dikey yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f, t\u00fcrb\u00fclansl\u0131 hava ak\u0131\u015fl\u0131 sistem)<\/p>\n<p>E\u011fer\u00a0 \u00a0 <strong>\u00a0[D<sub>bi<\/sub><sup>3<\/sup>\u00a0(\u0398<sub>ortam<\/sub>\u00a0&#8211; \u0398y\u00fczey\u00a0)]&gt;10<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0m<sup>3<\/sup>\u00a0\u00baK ise ak\u0131\u015f <strong>t\u00fcrb\u00fclansl\u0131d\u0131r<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1824\" src=\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/hcb.jpg\" alt=\"hcb\" width=\"266\" height=\"62\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>E\u015fitlik c<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0( Kapal\u0131 ortamda, yatay yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f, laminer hava ak\u0131\u015fl\u0131 sistem)<\/p>\n<p>E\u011fer\u00a0 \u00a0 <strong>\u00a0[D<sub>kd<\/sub><sup>3<\/sup>\u00a0(\u0398<sub>ortam<\/sub>\u00a0&#8211; \u0398y\u00fczey\u00a0)]\u226410<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0m<sup>3<\/sup>\u00a0\u00baK ise ak\u0131\u015f <strong>laminerdir.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1825\" src=\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/hcc.jpg\" alt=\"hcc\" width=\"284\" height=\"84\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>E<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">\u015fitlik d<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">\u00a0<\/span>( Kapal\u0131 ortamda, yatay yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f, t\u00fcrb\u00fclansl\u0131 hava ak\u0131\u015fl\u0131 sistem)<\/p>\n<p>E\u011fer\u00a0 \u00a0 <strong>\u00a0[D<sub>kd<\/sub><sup>3<\/sup>\u00a0(\u0398<sub>ortam<\/sub>\u00a0&#8211; \u0398y\u00fczey\u00a0)]&gt;10<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0m<sup>3<\/sup>\u00a0\u00baK ise ak\u0131\u015f <strong>t\u00fcrb\u00fclansl\u0131d\u0131r<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1826\" src=\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/hcd.jpg\" alt=\"hcd\" width=\"277\" height=\"71\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>E\u015fitlik e<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0( A\u00e7\u0131k ortamda, yatay yada dikey yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f, laminer hava ak\u0131\u015fl\u0131 sistem)<\/p>\n<p>E\u011fer\u00a0 \u00a0 <strong>\u00a0v<sub>w<\/sub>\u00a0. D<sub>kd\u00a0<\/sub>\u2264 0,00855<\/strong>\u00a0 m<sup>2<\/sup>\u00a0\/s ise ak\u0131\u015f <strong>laminerdir<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1827\" src=\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/hce.jpg\" alt=\"hce\" width=\"261\" height=\"83\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>E\u015fitlik f<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0( A\u00e7\u0131k ortamda, yatay yada dikey yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f, t\u00fcrb\u00fclansl\u0131 hava ak\u0131\u015fl\u0131 sistem)<\/p>\n<p>E\u011fer\u00a0 \u00a0 <strong>\u00a0v<sub>w<\/sub>\u00a0. D<sub>kd &gt;<\/sub>\u00a00,00855<\/strong>\u00a0 m<sup>2<\/sup>\u00a0\/s ise ak\u0131\u015f <strong>t\u00fcrb\u00fclansl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1828\" src=\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/hcf.jpg\" alt=\"hcf\" width=\"185\" height=\"80\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Toplam 6 e\u015fitlikte kullan\u0131lan b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckler ise \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/p>\n<p><strong>h<sub>c<\/sub> :\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>D\u0131\u015f y\u00fczey ile ortam aras\u0131ndaki ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131ma ait \u0131s\u0131 transfer katsay\u0131s\u0131\u00a0[W\/m<sup>2<\/sup>\u00a0\u00baK ]<\/p>\n<p><strong>D<sub>bi<\/sub>\u00a0:<\/strong> Boru\/Kanal i\u00e7i \u00e7ap\u0131 (e\u015fde\u011fer \u00e7ap\u0131) [m]<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0398<sub>ortam<\/sub>\u00a0:<\/strong> Ortam s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131[\u00baK]<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0398<sub>y\u00fczey<\/sub>\u00a0:<\/strong>\u00a0En d\u0131\u015f y\u00fczey (kaplama, k\u0131l\u0131f yada izolasyonun kendisi) s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131[\u00baK]<\/p>\n<p><strong>D<sub>kd<\/sub> :<\/strong> Karakteristik uzunluk\u00a0[m] (Kaplama\/K\u0131l\u0131fl\u0131 d\u0131\u015f \u00e7ap, e\u015fde\u011fer \u00e7ap)<\/p>\n<p><strong>v<sub>w<\/sub>\u00a0:<\/strong> R\u00fczgar h\u0131z\u0131 [m\/s]<\/p>\n<p>Boru\/kanal sisteminin kapal\u0131\/a\u00e7\u0131k ortamda olmas\u0131na, yatay\/dikey olmas\u0131na ve laminer\/t\u00fcrb\u00fclansl\u0131 hava ak\u0131\u015f\u0131nda olmas\u0131na g\u00f6re yukar\u0131daki e\u015fitliklerden bir tanesini kullanarak <strong>h<sub>r <\/sub><\/strong>de\u011ferini bulmu\u015f oluruz.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Gelinen nokta itibariyle d\u0131\u015f y\u00fczey ile ilgili hem\u00a0 \u00a0<strong>h<sub>r <\/sub><\/strong>de\u011ferini hem de <strong>h<sub>c\u00a0<\/sub><\/strong>de\u011ferini bularak toplam y\u00fczey direncine ait <strong>h<sub>y\u00a0<\/sub><\/strong>katsay\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 buluruz.<\/p>\n<p><strong>h<sub>y\u00a0<\/sub><\/strong>=\u00a0\u00a0<strong>h<sub>r\u00a0<\/sub><\/strong>+\u00a0\u00a0<strong>h<sub>c\u00a0<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1843\" src=\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/ry.jpg\" alt=\"Ry\" width=\"311\" height=\"85\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Ancak \u015fu noktaya dikkat \u00e7ekmek gerekir: T\u0131pk\u0131 izolasyon katman\u0131n\u0131n direncini bulurken kal\u0131nl\u0131k bilgisini bilmememize ra\u011fmen biliyormu\u015f gibi devam etti\u011fimiz gibi burada da ayn\u0131 varsay\u0131m\u0131 yapmak durumunda kald\u0131k. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc e\u015fitliklerde ge\u00e7en\u00a0 <strong>D<sub>kd<\/sub>\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>yani en d\u0131\u015f \u00e7ap de\u011feri, izolasyon kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilmeden tespit edilemez.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h5>2.1.6. Toplam \u0131s\u0131l iletim direnci (<strong>R<sub>T<\/sub>)<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p>Ak\u0131\u015fkandan ortama do\u011fru ilerleyerek tek tek her katman\u0131n \u0131s\u0131 iletim diren\u00e7lerini buldu\u011fumuza g\u00f6re art\u0131k izolasyonun toplam \u0131s\u0131l iletim direncini de tespit etmi\u015f oluyoruz.<\/p>\n<p><strong>R<sub>T\u00a0\u00a0<\/sub>= R<sub>a\u00a0<\/sub>+ R<sub>b\u00a0<\/sub>+ R<sub>i\u00a0<\/sub>+ R<sub>k\u00a0<\/sub>+ R<sub>y\u00a0<\/sub><sub>\u00a0<\/sub>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong>[m\u00baK\/W]<strong><sub>\u00a0<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Art\u0131k ak\u0131\u015fkandan ortama do\u011fru her bir katman\u0131n s\u0131cakl\u0131k de\u011ferlerini bulmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. S\u0131ras\u0131yla katmanlar\u0131m\u0131za ait s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve diren\u00e7ler \u015f\u00f6yledir:<\/p>\n<table width=\"545\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"260\"><strong>\u0398<\/strong><sub>a<\/sub>\u00a0ak\u0131\u015fkan s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/td>\n<td width=\"285\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>R<\/strong><sub>a<\/sub>\u00a0ak\u0131\u015fkan ile i\u00e7y\u00fczey aras\u0131ndaki ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131m direnci<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0398<\/strong><sub>iy<\/sub>\u00a0boru\/kanal i\u00e7 y\u00fczey s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>R<\/strong><sub>b\u00a0<\/sub>boru\/kanal malzemesi \u0131s\u0131 iletim direnci<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"260\"><strong>\u0398<\/strong><sub>b<\/sub>\u00a0boru\/kanal d\u0131\u015f y\u00fczey s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131,<br \/>\nizolasyon katman\u0131 i\u00e7 y\u00fczey s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>R<\/strong><sub>i\u00a0<\/sub>izolasyon malzemesi \u0131s\u0131 iletim direnci<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"260\"><strong>\u0398<\/strong><sub>i<\/sub>\u00a0izolasyon katman\u0131 d\u0131\u015f y\u00fczey s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131,<br \/>\nkaplama\/k\u0131l\u0131f katman\u0131 i\u00e7 y\u00fczey s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>R<\/strong><sub>k<\/sub>\u00a0kaplama\/k\u0131l\u0131f malzemesi \u0131s\u0131 iletim direnci<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"260\"><strong>\u0398<sub>k<\/sub>\u00a0=\u0398<sub>y\u00fczey<\/sub><\/strong>\u00a0kaplama\/k\u0131l\u0131f katman\u0131 d\u0131\u015f y\u00fczey s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>R<\/strong><sub>y<\/sub>\u00a0<sub>\u00a0<\/sub>y\u00fczey(\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m ve ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131m) direnci<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0398<\/strong><sub>ortam<\/sub>\u00a0ortam s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Her bir katman\u0131n s\u0131cakl\u0131k de\u011ferleri i\u00e7in \u015fu ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131lar kullan\u0131l\u0131r:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1845\" src=\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/yc3bczeysc4b1c1.jpg\" alt=\"y\u00fczeys\u0131c\" width=\"351\" height=\"364\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Geldi\u011fimiz a\u015famada art\u0131k biraz matematik yapmam\u0131z gerekmektedir. Son s\u0131rada bulunan denklemden yola \u00e7\u0131karsak gerekli izolasyon kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tespit edebiliriz.<\/p>\n<p>(\u0398<sub>y\u00fczey<\/sub>\u00a0&#8211; \u0398<span style=\"font-size: 13.3333px;\">ortam<\/span>) de\u011ferinin y\u00f6netmelik gere\u011fi 5\u00baC olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi yaz\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda ifade edilmi\u015fti.Buradan yola \u00e7\u0131karak \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi gereken denklemi olu\u015ftural\u0131m:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1847\" src=\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/denklem2.jpg\" alt=\"denklem\" width=\"602\" height=\"270\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1848\" src=\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/di.jpg\" alt=\"di\" width=\"355\" height=\"222\" \/><\/p>\n<p>G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc olduk\u00e7a zor bir denklem olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Bunu bilgisayar yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 kullanarak iterasyonla \u00e7\u00f6zmek gerekecektir.\u00a0 \u00c7\u00f6zmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z d<sub>i<\/sub>: izolasyon kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011feridir.<\/p>\n<p>Ancak\u00a0 h<sub>c\u00a0<\/sub>de\u011feri de yerle\u015fimin, ortam\u0131n, ak\u0131\u015f t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn bir fonksiyonu olarak zaman zaman d\u0131\u015f \u00e7apa ba\u011fl\u0131yd\u0131. Bu \u015fartlardan yerle\u015fimi (Yatay, dikey durumu) ve ortam\u0131(a\u00e7\u0131k, kapal\u0131 durumu) ba\u015fta biliyor oldu\u011fumuzdan azami 2 adet\u00a0\u00a0h<sub>c\u00a0<\/sub>de\u011feri i\u00e7in \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm yap\u0131p \u015fartlar\u0131n uyu\u015fup uyu\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol etmek gerekir.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130\u015fleri karma\u015f\u0131kla\u015ft\u0131ran bir nokta daha vard\u0131r: Bilindi\u011fi gibi her malzemenin \u0131s\u0131l iletkenlik katsay\u0131s\u0131\u00a0<strong>\u03bb, <\/strong>s\u0131cakl\u0131kla de\u011fi\u015fir. Bu nedenle denklemlerde kullan\u0131lan \u0131s\u0131l iletkenlik katsay\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in i\u00e7 y\u00fczey s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile d\u0131\u015f y\u00fczey s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n aritmetik ortalamas\u0131 bulunur ve bu s\u0131cakl\u0131k de\u011ferindeki \u0131s\u0131l iletkenlik katsay\u0131s\u0131 denklemlerde esas al\u0131n\u0131r. Bu durumda yukar\u0131daki denklemde\u00a0<strong>\u03bb<span style=\"font-size: 13.3333px;\">i<\/span>\u00a0<\/strong>yani izolasyon malzemesi \u0131s\u0131l iletkenlik katsay\u0131s\u0131 da izolasyon kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bir fonksiyonu olacakt\u0131r. \u0130terasyon yap\u0131l\u0131rken bu nokta da hesaba kat\u0131labilir ama ak\u0131\u015fkan s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki de\u011feri al\u0131p emniyetli tarafta kalmak da tercih edilebilir.<\/p>\n<p>Ayn\u0131 denklemi prizmatik kanallar i\u00e7in de yazarsak:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1851\" src=\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/denklemk.jpg\" alt=\"denklemk\" width=\"844\" height=\"283\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1854\" src=\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/dik1.jpg\" alt=\"dik\" width=\"814\" height=\"565\" \/><\/p>\n<h5>2.1.7 Yo\u011fu\u015fma<\/h5>\n<p>E\u011fer izolasyonlu y\u00fczeyin s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortam havas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7i\u011f noktas\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckse izolasyonlu y\u00fczey \u00fczerinde yo\u011fu\u015fma ger\u00e7ekle\u015fecektir. Yukar\u0131daki denklemi hi\u00e7 \u00e7\u00f6zmeye ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce ortam\u0131n \u00e7i\u011f noktas\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 tespit edilmelidir. E\u011fer y\u00f6netmeli\u011fin istedi\u011fi 5\u00baC fark yeterli gelmiyorsa yani yo\u011fu\u015fma olmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in izolasyonlu y\u00fczeyin s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile ortam s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 fark\u0131n\u0131n 5\u00baC&#8217;den de az olmas\u0131 gerekiyorsa temel kriter olarak bu s\u0131cakl\u0131k fark\u0131yla denklem \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" size-full wp-image-1839 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/resim7.jpg\" alt=\"resim7\" width=\"350\" height=\"235\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u00d6rne\u011fin, 30\u00baC %50 nemli bir ortamda i\u00e7inden 7\u00baC su ge\u00e7en bir izolasyonlu boru d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnelim. 30\u00baC %50 nemli bir ortamda \u00e7i\u011f noktas\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 18,3\u00baC dir. E\u011fer yap\u0131lan izolasyon sonras\u0131 y\u00fczey s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 18,3\u00baC nin alt\u0131nda al\u0131rsa yo\u011fu\u015fma olay\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fecek, kalmazsa yo\u011fu\u015fma olay\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmeyecektir. Ayn\u0131 ortamda bu sefer %80 nem oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnelim.\u00a0 30\u00baC %80 nemli bir ortamda \u00e7i\u011f noktas\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 26,1\u00baC dir. E\u011fer izolasyonlu y\u00fczey s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 5\u00baC kriterine g\u00f6re yap\u0131p y\u00fczey s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 25\u00baCye getirirsek \u00e7i\u011f noktas\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda kal\u0131naca\u011f\u0131ndan yo\u011fu\u015fma olacakt\u0131r. Bu sebeple s\u0131cakl\u0131k fark\u0131 kriterini 3,5\u00baC dolaylar\u0131a getirip izolasyon kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ona g\u00f6re se\u00e7memiz gerekir.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h5>2.2. Toprakalt\u0131 Borular\u0131<\/h5>\n<p>Boru tesisat\u0131m\u0131z toprak alt\u0131ndaysa izolasyon kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hesab\u0131m\u0131zda baz\u0131 farkl\u0131l\u0131klar olu\u015fur. Her\u015feyden \u00f6nce havayla \u0131s\u0131 al\u0131\u015fveri\u015f yapmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u0131\u015f\u0131madan ve konveksiyondan kaynaklanan y\u00fczey direnci ortadan kalkar. Onun yerine varsa dolgu malzemesi direnciyle toprak direnci girer. Yani yukar\u0131daki b\u00f6l\u00fcmde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z s\u0131ralamay\u0131 tekrar yaparsak; \u00f6nce ak\u0131\u015fkan, sonra boru, sonra izolasyon, sonra k\u0131l\u0131f\/kaplama malzemesi gelir. Buraya kadar her\u015fey ayn\u0131, bu noktadan sonra toprakalt\u0131 borularda dolgu malzemesi ve toprak gelir.<\/p>\n<p>Dolgu malzemesi dedi\u011fimiz \u015fey asl\u0131nda \u015fudur: Toprakalt\u0131 boru tesisat\u0131 yapmak i\u00e7in bir kanal a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnelim. E\u011fer kanal\u0131 topra\u011f\u0131n kendi evsaf\u0131ndan daha farkl\u0131 bir malzemeyle yast\u0131klar ve boruyu sararsak bu durumda dolgu yapm\u0131\u015f oluruz. Mesela kum ile&#8230;\u00a0 Neticede bu dolgu da borunun etraf\u0131na yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir izolasyon katman\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rev yapacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Bu durumda toplam \u0131s\u0131 iletim direncimiz, s\u0131ras\u0131yla ak\u0131\u015fkan ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131m, boru malzemesi iletim, izolasyon malzemesi iletim direnci, kaplama\/k\u0131l\u0131f malzemesi iletim direnci, dolgu malzemesi iletim direnci ve toprak iletim diren\u00e7lerinin toplam\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>R<sub>T\u00a0\u00a0<\/sub>= R<sub>a\u00a0<\/sub>+ R<sub>b\u00a0<\/sub>+ R<sub>i\u00a0<\/sub>+R<sub>k\u00a0<\/sub>+ R<sub>d\u00a0<\/sub>+ R<sub>t<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Dolgu katman\u0131na kadar, t\u00fcm diren\u00e7 hesaplamalar\u0131 yukar\u0131daki hesaplarla ayn\u0131d\u0131r. Dolgu ve toprak diren\u00e7leri i\u00e7in ise \u015fu \u015fekilde hesaplama yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h5>2.2.1 Dolgu Malzemesi (<strong>R<sub>d\u00a0<\/sub><\/strong>)<\/h5>\n<p>Dolgu malzemesi de borunun etraf\u0131ndaki bir izolasyon katman\u0131 gibi davran\u0131r. Elbette pratikte silindirik borunun etraf\u0131na silindirik bir dolgu yap\u0131lamad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bu dolgu katman\u0131 kesiti, kenar uzunlu\u011fu\u00a0 <strong>a<\/strong> olan bir kare olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcr. Diren\u00e7 hesab\u0131 yaparken a de\u011ferinden yola \u00e7\u0131karak e\u015fde\u011fer bir \u00e7ap,\u00a0<strong>D<sub>d <\/sub><\/strong>belirlenir ve diren\u00e7 o \u015fekilde hesaplan\u0131r.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>D<sub>d\u00a0<\/sub><\/strong>= a . 1,073<\/h4>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1861\" src=\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/rd.jpg\" alt=\"Rd\" width=\"138\" height=\"91\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>R<sub>d<\/sub> :\u00a0 <\/strong>Dolgu malzemesi \u0131s\u0131 iletim direnci\u00a0[m\u00a0\u00baK\/W ]<\/p>\n<p><strong>D<sub>d<\/sub> :\u00a0 <\/strong>Dolgu malzemesi katman\u0131 e\u015fde\u011fer \u00e7ap\u0131<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0D<sub>d<\/sub><strong><sub>\u00a0<\/sub><\/strong>= a . 1,073\u00a0 \u00a0[m ]<\/p>\n<p><strong>D<sub>kd<\/sub>\u00a0:<\/strong>\u00a0K\u0131l\u0131fl\u0131\/Kaplamal\u0131 boru d\u0131\u015f \u00e7ap\u0131 [m]<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u03bb<sub>d<\/sub> :\u00a0 <\/strong>Dolgu\u00a0malzemesi\u00a0iletkenlik katsay\u0131s\u0131 [W\/m\u00baK]<\/p>\n<p>E\u011fer dolgu malzemesi kullan\u0131lm\u0131yorsa do\u011fal olarak\u00a0R<sub>d\u00a0<\/sub>=0 olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h5>2.2.2 Toprak\u00a0 (<strong>R<sub>t\u00a0<\/sub><\/strong>)<\/h5>\n<p>Dolgu malzemesinden sonra en d\u0131\u015f katman olarak art\u0131k toprak vard\u0131r. I\u015f\u0131n\u0131m ve konveksiyon olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ortam olarak havada bulunan boru tesisat\u0131na nispeten toprak direncinin hesab\u0131 kolayd\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1862\" src=\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/rt.jpg\" alt=\"Rt\" width=\"236\" height=\"78\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>R<sub>t<\/sub> :\u00a0 <\/strong>Toprak \u0131s\u0131 iletim direnci\u00a0[m\u00a0\u00baK\/W ]<\/p>\n<p><strong>D<sub>d<\/sub> :\u00a0 <\/strong>Dolgu malzemesi katman\u0131 e\u015fde\u011fer \u00e7ap\u0131<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0D<sub>d<\/sub><strong><sub>\u00a0<\/sub><\/strong>= a . 1,073\u00a0 \u00a0[m ]<\/p>\n<p><strong>H<sub>t<\/sub>\u00a0:<\/strong>\u00a0Toprak y\u00fczeyi ile boru ekseni aras\u0131ndaki mesafe [m]<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u03bb<sub>t<\/sub> :\u00a0 <\/strong>Toprak iletkenlik katsay\u0131s\u0131 [W\/m\u00baK]<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h5>2.2.3. Toprakalt\u0131 borularda toplam \u0131s\u0131l iletim direnci (<strong>R<sub>T<\/sub>)<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p>R<strong><sub>d <\/sub><\/strong>dolgu malzemesi direnci ve\u00a0R<strong><sub>t\u00a0<\/sub><\/strong>toprak direnci yukar\u0131da anlat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi bulunduktan sonra\u00a0R<strong><sub>T\u00a0<\/sub><\/strong>toplam direnci bulabiliriz.<\/p>\n<p><strong>R<sub>T\u00a0\u00a0<\/sub>= R<sub>a\u00a0<\/sub>+ R<sub>b\u00a0<\/sub>+ R<sub>i\u00a0<\/sub>+R<sub>k\u00a0<\/sub>+ R<sub>d\u00a0<\/sub>+ R<sub>t<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Toplam diren\u00e7 bulunduktan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131larla her bir katman\u0131n y\u00fczey s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hesaplanabilir.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1864\" src=\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/topraklaltc4b1-sc4b1caklc4b1klar.jpg\" alt=\"topraklalt\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\" width=\"282\" height=\"350\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Burada dolgu katman\u0131n\u0131n boru izolasyonun bir par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnerek en d\u0131\u015f y\u00fczey olarak dolgu katman\u0131n\u0131n toprakla birle\u015fti\u011fi y\u00fczeyi esas alal\u0131m. Ortan s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yani toprak s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile dolgu y\u00fczeyi s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki fark bizim i\u00e7in kriter olacakt\u0131r. Her iki s\u0131cakl\u0131k aras\u0131ndaki fark\u0131n 5\u00baC olaca\u011f\u0131 esas al\u0131n\u0131p izolasyon kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hesab\u0131 yap\u0131labilir. (Ger\u00e7i y\u00f6netmelikte 5\u00baC ko\u015fulu i\u00e7 ortamdaki hatlar i\u00e7in verilmi\u015ftir. Toprakalt\u0131 i\u00e7in b\u00f6yle bir ko\u015ful yoktur.)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4>3. Dikkat \u00c7eken \u00c7\u0131kar\u0131mlar<\/h4>\n<p>\u0130zolasyon yapmam\u0131z\u0131n temel amac\u0131 ak\u0131\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n \u0131s\u0131 enerjisinin ortama ka\u00e7mamas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu nedenle ortam ile ak\u0131\u015fkan aras\u0131na \u0131s\u0131l anlamda diren\u00e7 g\u00f6sterecek izolasyon malzemesi koyar\u0131z. Bu diren\u00e7 ne kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck olursa \u0131s\u0131l anlamda o kadar iyi izolasyon yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z s\u00f6ylenebilir. Bu anlamda yukar\u0131da verilen form\u00fcllerden yola \u00e7\u0131karak baz\u0131 yorumlar yapmam\u0131z m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>\u0130zolasyon \u00fczeri\u00a0 kaplama yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekli izolasyon kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131r\u0131r.<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Kaplama malzemesinin cinsi \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131mla yap\u0131lan \u0131s\u0131 transferi miktar\u0131 ile yak\u0131ndan ilgilidir. Yukar\u0131da anlat\u0131lan\u00a0<strong>h<sub>r<\/sub>\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0 d\u0131\u015f y\u00fczey ile ortam aras\u0131ndaki \u0131\u015f\u0131maya ait \u0131s\u0131 transfer katsay\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n form\u00fcl\u00fc \u015f\u00f6yleydi.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1820\" src=\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/hr1_1.jpg\" alt=\"hr1_1\" width=\"110\" height=\"36\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Burada\u00a0<strong>C<sub>r<\/sub>\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m katsay\u0131s\u0131 azal\u0131rsa h<sub>r<\/sub>\u00a0de\u011feri de azalacakt\u0131r. h<sub>r<\/sub>\u00a0ile \u0131s\u0131l diren\u00e7 ters orant\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fundan sonu\u00e7ta R de\u011feri artacakt\u0131r. Mesela izolasyonun \u00fczerini <strong>C<sub>r<\/sub>\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0de\u011feri 5,33&#215;10<sup>-8\u00a0<\/sup>[W\/m<sup>2<\/sup>\u00a0\u00baK<sup>4<\/sup> ] olan PVC bir malzeme yerine\u00a0 <strong>C<sub>r<\/sub>\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0de\u011feri 0,28&#215;10<sup>-8\u00a0<\/sup>[W\/m<sup>2<\/sup>\u00a0\u00baK<sup>4<\/sup> ] olan parlak al\u00fcminyum ile kaplarsak <strong>C<sub>r<\/sub>\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0de\u011ferimiz yakla\u015f\u0131k 19 kat azalm\u0131\u015f olacakt\u0131r. Buna paralel\u00a0\u00a0<strong>h<sub>r<\/sub>\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0de\u011ferimiz de 19 kat azalacakt\u0131r. Sonu\u00e7ta\u00a0<strong>R<sub>y<\/sub><\/strong>, y\u00fczey direncimiz belli bir oranda artm\u0131\u015f, haliyle\u00a0<strong>R<sub>T<\/sub><\/strong>, toplam direncimiz de artm\u0131\u015f olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>\u015eimdi burada bir \u00e7eli\u015fkili durum var gibi alg\u0131lanabilir. Zira toplam direncimiz art\u0131nca ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fumuz izolasyon kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n az olmas\u0131n\u0131, haliyle az maliyetle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmay\u0131 bekleyebiliriz. Fakat bu noktada ufak bir ayr\u0131nt\u0131 vard\u0131r. Bu ayr\u0131nt\u0131y\u0131 en g\u00fczel elektrik analojisiyle anlatabiliriz.<\/p>\n<p>\u015eimdi her bir katman\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n bir elektrik devresinde diren\u00e7 oldu\u011funu, s\u0131cakl\u0131k fark\u0131n\u0131n da gerilim fark\u0131 oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnelim ve devremizi olu\u015ftural\u0131m.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1871\" src=\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/elekanaloji11.jpg\" alt=\"Elekanaloji1\" width=\"716\" height=\"272\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Burada \u00f6rnekte, 20\u00baC kapal\u0131 ortamda,yatayda, i\u00e7inden 80\u00baC ak\u0131\u015fkan ge\u00e7en kayay\u00fcn\u00fc (borutipi, 80kg\/m3)\u00a0 izolasyonlu ama d\u0131\u015f kaplamas\u0131 olmayan bir boru sistemi kurgulad\u0131k. Yap\u0131lan hesaplamalar neticesinde 40,79mm izolasyon kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ihtiyac\u0131 bulundu. G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi y\u00fczey direnci \u00fczerinde yakla\u015f\u0131k 5\u00baC (Yani elektrik analojisinde (24,84-20=4,84V) olmas\u0131 sa\u011fland\u0131:<\/p>\n<p>Elektrikten bilindi\u011fi gibi her direncin \u00fczerinden ayn\u0131 de\u011ferde ak\u0131m dola\u015f\u0131r. Haliyle \u015fu e\u015fitli\u011fi yazmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr:<\/p>\n<p><strong>(\u019f<sub>a\u00a0\u00a0<\/sub>&#8211; \u019f<sub>y\u00a0<\/sub>) \/( R<sub>b\u00a0<\/sub>+ R<sub>a\u00a0<\/sub>+ R<sub>i\u00a0<\/sub>+R<sub>k<\/sub>) = (\u019f<sub>y\u00a0\u00a0<\/sub>&#8211; \u019f<sub>ortam\u00a0<\/sub>) \/R<sub>y\u00a0<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi\u00a0<strong>R<sub>i\u00a0 <\/sub><\/strong>ve <strong>R<sub>y\u00a0\u00a0<\/sub><\/strong>do\u011fru orant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Yani\u00a0<strong>R<sub>y\u00a0<\/sub><\/strong>artt\u0131k\u00e7a e\u015fitli\u011fi sa\u011flay\u0131p dengeye gelmek i\u00e7in\u00a0<strong>R<sub>i\u00a0<\/sub><\/strong>de artacakt\u0131r. E\u011fer artt\u0131r\u0131lmazsa y\u00fczey ile ortam aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131cakl\u0131k fark\u0131 de\u011feri 5\u00baC nin \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131kacakt\u0131r ve y\u00f6netmeli\u011fin ko\u015fulu sa\u011flanamayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Yukar\u0131daki \u00f6rnekteki ayn\u0131 devreyi bu kez parlak al\u00fcminyum kaplama ile \u00e7\u00f6zersek:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1872\" src=\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/elekanaloji2.jpg\" alt=\"Elekanaloji2\" width=\"730\" height=\"288\" \/><\/p>\n<p>G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi y\u00fczey \u00fczerindeki yakla\u015f\u0131k 5V fark\u0131n\u0131 tutturabilmek i\u00e7in\u00a0<strong>R<sub>i\u00a0<\/sub><\/strong>de artt\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6zetle al\u00fcminyum kaplama yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan kullan\u0131lan izolasyonun kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 40.79mm den 101.6mm&#8217;e \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. E\u011fer galvaniz kaplama yap\u0131lsayd\u0131 62mm olacakt\u0131. Yani \u00f6zellikle al\u00fcminyum folyo kapl\u0131 izolasyonlar\u0131 kullan\u0131rken bu konuyu hat\u0131rlamakta fayda vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>R\u00fczgarl\u0131 ortamlarda yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekli izolasyon kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 azal\u0131r.<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Yukar\u0131daki \u00f6rne\u011fin ilk k\u0131sm\u0131nda kaplama yokken izolasyon kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, 40.79mm olarak bulmu\u015ftuk. Ayn\u0131 tesisat\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k ortamda 2,5m\/s h\u0131zl\u0131 bir r\u00fczgarl\u0131 ortama ta\u015f\u0131rsak gerekli izolasyon kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 13.10 mm&#8217;ye d\u00fc\u015fer.<\/p>\n<p>Bu durum da konveksiyonla ta\u015f\u0131ma katsay\u0131s\u0131\u00a0<strong>h<sub>c\u00a0<\/sub><\/strong>ile yak\u0131ndan ilgilidir.<\/p>\n\n<p>Hat\u0131rlanaca\u011f\u0131 gibi\u00a0<strong>h<sub>c\u00a0<\/sub><\/strong>r\u00fczgar h\u0131z\u0131 ile do\u011fru orant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. R\u00fczgar h\u0131z\u0131 arrt\u0131k\u00e7a,\u00a0\u00a0<strong>h<sub>c\u00a0<\/sub><\/strong>de artacak ve\u00a0\u00a0<strong>R<sub>y\u00a0<\/sub><\/strong>azalacakt\u0131r. Kaplama olay\u0131ndaki durumdan hat\u0131rlanaca\u011f\u0131 gibi\u00a0\u00a0<strong>R<sub>y\u00a0<\/sub><\/strong>azald\u0131k\u00e7a izolasyon kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 azalacak,\u00a0<strong>R<sub>y\u00a0<\/sub><\/strong>artt\u0131k\u00e7a izolasyon kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 artacakt\u0131r. Neticede r\u00fczgar h\u0131z\u0131 artt\u0131k\u00e7a ihtiya\u00e7 duyulan izolasyon kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 azalacak, r\u00fczgar h\u0131z\u0131 azald\u0131k\u00e7a ihtiya\u00e7 duyulan izolasyon kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 artacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>Toprakalt\u0131 borularda dolgu malzemesi izolasyon g\u00f6revi g\u00f6r\u00fcr<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Toprakalt\u0131 borularda kum serilmesi ve borunun kumla kaplanmas\u0131n\u0131n genelde ta\u015f, kaya par\u00e7as\u0131, keskin maddeler gibi bir tak\u0131m yabanc\u0131 maddelerin boruya zarar vermesi olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 koruyucu\u00a0 oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcr ki bu zaten do\u011frudur. Ancak bunun yan\u0131nda bu durum toprakalt\u0131 borularda gerekli izolasyon kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 azaltacak yani izolasyon maliyetini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrecek bir fakt\u00f6r olarak da kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>Toprakalt\u0131 borularda topra\u011f\u0131n nem oran\u0131 artt\u0131k\u00e7a izolasyon kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 azal\u0131r<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Toprak \u0131s\u0131 iletim katsay\u0131s\u0131 topraktaki nem oran\u0131 ile do\u011fru orant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Yani nem artt\u0131k\u00e7a \u0131s\u0131 iletim katsay\u0131s\u0131 da artar. Yani toprak \u0131s\u0131y\u0131 iyi iletir, yani topra\u011f\u0131n \u0131s\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi diren\u00e7 azal\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Diren\u00e7 azal\u0131nca, t\u0131pk\u0131 elektrik analojisinde yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi izolasyon direncinin yani kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n da azalmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>\u0130zolasyon malzemesinde \u00f6ncelikli yo\u011funluk de\u011fil kal\u0131nl\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0130zolasyon malzemelerinde \u0131s\u0131l iletim katsay\u0131lar\u0131 yo\u011funlukla do\u011fru orant\u0131l\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015fmez. \u00d6rne\u011fin 55 kg\/m<sup>3<\/sup>\u00a0yo\u011funluklu boru tipi camy\u00fcn\u00fc \u0131s\u0131l iletkenlik de\u011feri 0,0425\u00a0W\/m\u00baK iken ayn\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn 100kg\/m<sup>3<\/sup>\u00a0yo\u011funluklusu i\u00e7in\u00a0 \u0131s\u0131l iletkenlik de\u011feri 0,0397 W\/m\u00baK dir.<\/p>\n<p>20\u00baC kapal\u0131 ortamda,yatayda, i\u00e7inden 80\u00baC ak\u0131\u015fkan ge\u00e7en camy\u00fcn\u00fc (borutipi, 55kg\/m<sup>3<\/sup>\u00a0)\u00a0 izolasyonlu ama d\u0131\u015f kaplamas\u0131 olmayan bir boru sistemi i\u00e7in izolasyon kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 42,49mm dir. Ayn\u0131 sistemde\u00a0\u00a0camy\u00fcn\u00fc (borutipi, 100kg\/m<sup>3<\/sup>\u00a0)\u00a0 kullan\u0131rsak gerekli izolasyon kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 40,06mm olacakt\u0131r. G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi, yo\u011funluk de\u011feri neredeyse 2 kat artmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen gerekli izolasyon kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sadece 2mm azalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>Hava kanallar\u0131nda kanal i\u00e7 y\u00fczey direnci \u00f6nemlidir.<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Borularda ak\u0131\u015fkan s\u0131v\u0131 ise ve hatta \u00f6zellikle su ise, borunun i\u00e7 y\u00fczeyi ,le ak\u0131\u015fkan aras\u0131nda olu\u015fan y\u00fczey direnci kayda de\u011fer bir b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckte de\u011fildir. \u0130hmal edilmesinde bir sak\u0131nca yoktur. Ancak buharda, gazlarda ve hava kanallar\u0131nda i\u00e7 y\u00fczey direnci kaydade\u011fer b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fcktedir. \u0130htiya\u00e7 duyulan izolasyon kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 azaltan yani maliyeti d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcren y\u00f6nde katk\u0131s\u0131 olur. \u00d6zellikle hava kanallar\u0131nda ak\u0131\u015fkan\u0131n hava olmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 i\u00e7 y\u00fczey direnci y\u00fcksektir. Bu sebeple se\u00e7ilen izolasyon kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 nispeten incedir.<\/p>\n<p>Mesela\u00a0i\u00e7inden 10m3\/h, 80\u00baC s\u0131v\u0131 su ge\u00e7en DN50 \u00e7apl\u0131 siyah borunun i\u00e7 y\u00fczey direnci\u00a0 0.0009\u00a0 m\u00baK\/W d\u0131r. \u0130\u00e7inden 5000m3\/h, 30\u00baC %50RH nemli hava ge\u00e7en 800x700mm hava kanal\u0131n\u0131n 0.015 m\u00baK\/W d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4>Kaynaklar:<\/h4>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/Metin.Aspx?MevzuatKod=7.5.13594&amp;MevzuatIliski=0&amp;sourceXmlSearch\">Binalarda Enerji Performans\u0131 Y\u00f6netmeli\u011fi<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.doc88.com\/p-6991960781241.html\">ISO 12241:2010<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cini.nl\/en\/\">CINI (Committee Industrial Insulation)<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ode.com.tr\/\">ODE Calc<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.izocam.com.tr\/b6-izocam-tesisat-yalitim-hesaplama-programi.html\">\u0130zocam Tesisat Yal\u0131t\u0131m Hesaplama Program\u0131<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Boru veya hava kanallar\u0131ndaki ak\u0131\u015fkan\u0131n ge\u00e7ti\u011fi g\u00fczergah boyunca enerjisini l\u00fczumsuz yere ortama vermesini engellemek i\u00e7in izolasyon yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. \u00dclkemizde 2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan\u00a0B\u0130NALARDA ENERJ\u0130 PERFORMANSI Y\u00d6NETMEL\u0130\u011e\u0130 ile mekanik tesisat yal\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in bir kural getirilmi\u015ftir.\u00a0 2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda y\u00f6netmelik ilk \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, \u00f6zellikle boru izolasyonu i\u00e7in asgari yal\u0131t\u0131m kal\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 veren bir tabloyu da\u00a0 i\u00e7eriyordu. Fakat 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda bu tablo&hellip;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/benga.pro\/index.php\/2018\/02\/20\/izolasyon-kalinliginin-hesaplanmasi\/\" rel=\"bookmark\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">\u0130zolasyon Kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Hesaplanmas\u0131<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":3569,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[7,49],"tags":[121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135],"class_list":["post-1789","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-mekanik-tesisat","category-teknik-konular","tag-binalarda-enerji-performansi","tag-iletim","tag-insulation","tag-insulation-thickness","tag-iso-12241","tag-izolasyon","tag-izolasyon-kalinligi","tag-isi-iletim-direnci","tag-isi-transferi","tag-nemli-hava","tag-nusselt","tag-prandatl","tag-reynolds","tag-tasinim","tag-yogusma"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/benga.pro\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1789","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/benga.pro\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/benga.pro\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/benga.pro\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/benga.pro\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1789"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/benga.pro\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1789\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/benga.pro\/index.php\/wp-json\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/benga.pro\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1789"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/benga.pro\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1789"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/benga.pro\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1789"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}