![\"Lambalar.JPG\"](\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/lambalar.jpg\")
<\/p>\nAyd\u0131nlatma tarihi deyince ilk akla Thomas Edison geliyor. Neticede ampul\u00fc icat eden ki\u015fi diye \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015fizdir hep. Ama ayd\u0131nlatma daha do\u011frusu elektrikle ayd\u0131nlatman\u0131n tarihi Edison ile ba\u015flamaz. Edison’un akkor telli ampul\u00fc bulma yar\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nde bitirmesinden yakla\u015f\u0131k 1 as\u0131r \u00f6nce ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ayd\u0131nlatma tarihi.<\/p>\n
Ayd\u0131nlatma tarihine ge\u00e7meden \u00f6nce \u0131\u015f\u0131k kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 tekrar hat\u0131rlayal\u0131m. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u015femada bildi\u011fimiz ve uzun y\u0131llarca kullan\u0131lagelmi\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131k kaynaklar\u0131 yer al\u0131yor.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Enkandesen \u0131\u015f\u0131k kayna\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131daki gruplamada ilk s\u0131rada olsa da tarih s\u0131ralamas\u0131nda asl\u0131nda ilk s\u0131rada de\u011fildir. 1800 y\u0131llarla birlikte ayd\u0131nlatma \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Elektri\u011fin davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n yeni yeni \u00f6\u011frenildi\u011fi d\u00f6neme denk gelen bu y\u0131llarda, birbirine \u00e7ok yak\u0131n iki y\u00fckl\u00fc iletken aras\u0131nda ark olu\u015fmas\u0131 temeline dayanan ark lambalar\u0131 ayd\u0131nlatma tarihini ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve yukar\u0131daki gruplamada “Is\u0131l olmayan I\u015f\u0131k Kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n” atas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Asl\u0131nda 1803 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130ngiliz bilim insan\u0131 Humprey Davy (1778-1829) iki karbon \u00e7ubuk aras\u0131nda ark olu\u015fturarak ilk ayd\u0131nlatma kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da bulmu\u015f oldu. Ancak ark lambas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck batarya kullan\u0131yor olmas\u0131, ark lambas\u0131n\u0131n ticarile\u015fip yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde engel te\u015fkil ediyordu. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc o y\u0131llarda hen\u00fcz elektrik \u015febekeleri ve d\u00fczenli, kararl\u0131 elektrik kaynaklar\u0131 yoktu.<\/p>\n\n
(Ark Lambas\u0131 ve Sir Humprey Davy)<\/em><\/p>\n 1831 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130ngiliz bilim insan\u0131 Michael Faraday’\u0131n (1791-1867) elektromanyatik ind\u00fcksiyonu bulmas\u0131 ve manyetizma ile elektrik \u00fcretmesi \u00e7ok k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede i\u00e7inde ticari elektrik jenerat\u00f6rlerinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. B\u00f6ylece ark lambalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcndeki elektrik kayna\u011f\u0131 engeli ortadan kalkt\u0131. \u0130lk pratik ark lambas\u0131 uygulamas\u0131 1858’de \u0130ngilitere’de G\u00fcney Foreland’de deniz feneti olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Daha sonraki y\u0131llarda ark lambalar\u0131 geli\u015ftirilerek kullan\u0131lmaya devam edildi.<\/p>\n Ancak ark lambas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok parlak olmas\u0131 d\u0131\u015f ayd\u0131nlatma i\u00e7in uygun olsa da i\u00e7 ayd\u0131nlatma i\u00e7in hi\u00e7 uygun de\u011fildi. Bu sebeple ark lambas\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ba\u015fka \u0131\u015f\u0131k kaynaklar\u0131 aray\u0131\u015flar\u0131 da devam ediyordu.<\/p>\n Ark lambalar\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131 az da olsa g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar gelmi\u015ftir. Ark lambalar\u0131nda iki karbon elektrot u\u00e7 \u00f6nce birbirlerine temas eder, devreye y\u00fcksek g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc gerilim uygulan\u0131p ark olu\u015fmaya ba\u015flay\u0131nca u\u00e7lar birbirlerinden yava\u015f\u00e7a uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r ve ark\u0131n boyu b\u00fcy\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n Ark lambalar\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131 az da olsa g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar gelmi\u015ftir. Ark lambalar\u0131nda iki karbon elektrot u\u00e7 \u00f6nce birbirlerine temas edecek kadar yakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r, devreye y\u00fcksek g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc gerilim uygulan\u0131r, iki u\u00e7 aras\u0131ndaki hava iletken hale ge\u00e7ip ark olu\u015fmaya ba\u015flay\u0131nca u\u00e7lar birbirlerinden yava\u015f\u00e7a uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r ve ark\u0131n boyu b\u00fcy\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcr.\u00a0Ark lambas\u0131n\u0131n elektrotlar\u0131 kullan\u0131ld\u0131k\u00e7a k\u0131salaca\u011f\u0131ndan, ark\u0131n boyunu sabit tutacak bir mekanizma lambada bulunur. Elektrotlar\u0131n yanarak ortama zehirli gaz salmas\u0131 nedeniyle i\u00e7 ortamda kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 sak\u0131ncal\u0131d\u0131r. E\u011fer kullan\u0131l\u0131yorsa da mekan\u0131n havaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 \u015fartt\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca bu lamban\u0131n c\u0131z\u0131rt\u0131l\u0131 ses \u00e7\u0131karmas\u0131 da ayr\u0131 bir dezavantaj\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n “Enkandesen” kelimesi dilimize Frans\u0131zca (\u0130ngilizce’de de ayn\u0131) “Incandescent” kelimesinden ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Bu kelimeyi biraz ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131nca asl\u0131nda k\u00f6k\u00fcn\u00fcn Latince’ye dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131, “Kor olmak”, “Beyaz olmak” kelimelerinden t\u00fcredi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. “Enkandesen” kelimesini kullansak da bilmeliyiz ki dilimizde “Akkor”<\/strong> olarak \u00e7ok g\u00fczel bir kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n Akkor telli ampul\u00fcn tarih\u00e7esine bak\u0131nca, \u00e7ok say\u0131da bilim insan\u0131n\u0131n bu teknoloji \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Akkor telli ampul\u00fc yani bir telin \u00fczerinden ak\u0131m ge\u00e7ince \u0131\u015f\u0131k yaymas\u0131 fikrini ortaya atan ve bu konuda denemeler yapan yine Sir Humprey Davy<\/strong>‘dir. Ancak akkor telli ampullerin geli\u015fmesindeki en b\u00fcy\u00fck problem “tel”i idi. \u00dczerinden ak\u0131m ge\u00e7ti\u011finde tel,\u00a0 ancak \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131klara \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nca \u0131\u015f\u0131k yayabiliyordu. \u00c7ok y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131klara \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nca da telin dayanmas\u0131n\u0131, erimemesi, buharla\u015fmamas\u0131 sa\u011flamak \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7t\u00fc. B\u00f6ylece bilim insanlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yakla\u015f\u0131k 80 y\u0131l s\u00fcrecek bir yar\u0131\u015f ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00c7ok y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131klara dayanacak ve ticarile\u015ftirilebilecek fiyatta olacak bir tel bulunacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n Sir Humprey Davy 1802 y\u0131l\u0131nda ilk akkor telli ampul denemelerini yaparken plantin tel kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Platin kullanmas\u0131n\u0131n sebebi y\u00fcksek ergime s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131yd\u0131. (1768\u00baC) Ancak yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 denemelerde elde etti\u011fi \u0131\u015f\u0131k fazla olmuyor ve fazla dayanm\u0131yordu. Her ne kadar demleri ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 say\u0131lmasa da kendinden sonraki mucitler i\u00e7in yeterli ilham kayna\u011f\u0131 olmu\u015ftu. Neticede baz\u0131 elementlerin a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131yla akkor hale gelip \u0131\u015f\u0131k yayabileceklerini ispat etmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n Davy’den sonra bir \u00e7ok bilim insan\u0131 Davy’nin fikrini geli\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar. 1840 y\u0131l\u0131nda Warren De La Rue (1815-1889 \/ \u0130ngiliz) platin teli, okside olmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nleyecek vakumlanm\u0131\u015f bir cam t\u00fcp\u00fcn i\u00e7ine koyarak ampul yapmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131. Ancak platin kullan\u0131m\u0131 sebebiyle bu ampul ticarile\u015ftirilemeyecek kadar pahal\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n Warren De La Rue’den sonra bir \u00e7ok bilim insan\u0131 ampul\u00fc geli\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya devam ettiler. \u0130ngiliz Fredrick de Moleyns 1841 y\u0131l\u0131nda,\u00a0 Amerikal\u0131 John Starr 1845 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Frans\u0131z Jean Eugene Robert-Houdi 1851 yl\u0131nda, Rus A.N.Lodygin 1874 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Kanadal\u0131 Woodward-Evans 1874 y\u0131l\u0131nda, \u0130ngiliz Joseph Wilson Swan 1878 y\u0131l\u0131nda kendi\u00a0 geli\u015ftirdikleri akkor telli ampul versiyonu i\u00e7in patent ald\u0131lar. Kimisi karbon tel kullanm\u0131\u015f, kimisi ampul\u00fcn i\u00e7ine azot gaz\u0131 koymu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n \u0130ngiliz Swan ticari olabilecek ampule en \u00e7ok yakla\u015fan isimdi ve ampul yar\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n sonlar\u0131na gelindi\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yordu. Fakat 1879 y\u0131l\u0131nda\u00a0Amerikal\u0131 mucit Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931) ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 ve karbonla\u015fm\u0131\u015f bambu filaman\u0131\u00a0 kullanarak yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ampul\u00fc tan\u0131tt\u0131. “Filament” (T\u00fcrk\u00e7e Filaman) s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc bu d\u00f6nemde ilk kez Edison kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Edison’un bu ampul\u00fcn\u00fcn 1200 saate kadar \u00f6mr\u00fc vard\u0131 ve bu olduk\u00e7a iyi bir rakamd\u0131. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bundan \u00f6nce yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve\u00a0 pamuk ipli\u011fi filaman\u0131 kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ampul\u00fc sadece 14,5 saat \u00f6mre sahipti. Edison’un ekibi do\u011fru karbon filaman\u0131n\u0131 bulmak i\u00e7in yakla\u015f\u0131k 6000 adet bitkiyi denemi\u015fler ve en son Japon bambusunda karar k\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131.<\/span> Solda, Swan’\u0131n geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi, sa\u011fda ise Edison’un geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi ampuller yer almaktad\u0131r. Swan sell\u00fcl\u00f6z filaman ve yayl\u0131 bir baza kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Edison ise bambu filaman ve d\u00fcnya standard\u0131 haline gelecek vidal\u0131 baza kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/em><\/p>\n Edison, bambu filaman\u0131n\u0131 10 y\u0131l boyunca kulland\u0131. Bu arada cam t\u00fcp\u00fcn vakumunun daha iyi yap\u0131lmas\u0131, ampul\u00fcn vidal\u0131 olmas\u0131 bazas\u0131n\u0131n konusunda konusunda ilerlemeler kaydetti. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ampul montaj\u0131nda kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z vidal\u0131 montaj tasar\u0131m\u0131 Edison’dan gelmektedir.<\/p>\n Edison, \u015firketini kurup geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi ampul\u00fcn sat\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve \u015fehirlerin ayd\u0131nlat\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u015fleriyle u\u011fra\u015f\u0131rken, di\u011fer bilim adamlar\u0131 ampul\u00fc daha da geli\u015ftirmeye devam ettiler. En \u00f6nemli geli\u015fme 1904 y\u0131l\u0131nda ya\u015fand\u0131. Avrupa’da karbon filaman yerine tungsten filaman kullanarak daha fazla \u0131\u015f\u0131k ve daha uzun \u00f6m\u00fcr elde edildi. 1913’de ampul\u00fcn i\u00e7ine azot gibi bir soygaz konursa veriminin 2 kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bulundu.<\/p>\n Bu geli\u015fmeler o y\u0131llar i\u00e7in g\u00fczel geli\u015fmelerdi ama zaman ilerledik\u00e7e akkor filamanl\u0131 ampul\u00fcn verimi sadece %10 seviyesinde kald\u0131. Yani t\u00fcketti\u011fi g\u00fcc\u00fcn sadece %10 unu \u0131\u015f\u0131k olarak veriyor gerisini \u0131s\u0131 olarak ortama yay\u0131yordu. Olduk\u00e7a verimsiz bir teknolojiydi. Haliyle insano\u011flu, daha verimli \u0131\u015f\u0131k kaynaklar\u0131 bulmal\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n Halojen ampuller de bir nevi akkor telli ampuld\u00fcr. \u00dczerinden ak\u0131m ge\u00e7ince a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u0131s\u0131narak \u0131\u015f\u0131k yayan bir filamana sahiptir. Ancak bunlar\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131nda halojen gaz kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 bu ampulleri ay\u0131rmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Periyodik cetvelin, 17. kolonunda halojen gazlar yer almaktad\u0131r. “Halojen” metallerle reaksiyona girince tuz olu\u015fturan elementlere verilen isimdir. (Eski Yunanca’da “hals” yani “tuz” k\u00f6k\u00fcnden gelmektedir). \u0130\u015fte bu halojen gazlardan klor, ilk kez 1882 ‘de bir ampulde kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve patenti al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak 1960 lara kadar halojen ampuller ticarile\u015fmemi\u015ftir. General Electric firmas\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Elmer Fridrich ve Emmet Wiley 1955 y\u0131l\u0131nda iyodinli halojen ampul\u00fc geli\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. 1959 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise GE, bu ampul\u00fcn patentini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Daha sonraki y\u0131llarda hidrokarbon ve brom bile\u015fiklerini kullanmak daha iyi sonu\u00e7lar vermi\u015ftir. Flor kullan\u0131m\u0131 da denenmi\u015f olsa da flor, ampul\u00fcn di\u011fer aksamlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 agresif oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in vazge\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde saf halojen gaz kullan\u0131lmamakta, kripton, zenon gibi soygazlarla kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n Akkor telli normal ampullerdeki tungsten, ampul kullan\u0131ld\u0131k\u00e7a buharla\u015farak cam t\u00fcp\u00fcn i\u00e7 \u00e7eperinde birikir ve zamanla ampul siyahla\u015f\u0131r. Di\u011fer taraftan filaman, buharla\u015fma y\u00fcz\u00fcnden kaybetti\u011fi atomlar sebebiyle zay\u0131flar ve \u00f6mr\u00fc azal\u0131r.<\/p>\n Halojen ampullerde de tungsten filaman\u0131 kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu filaman k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir kuvars cam k\u0131l\u0131f i\u00e7indedir. Kuvars cam do\u011fas\u0131 gere\u011fi \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131klara dayanabilmektedir. Bu k\u0131l\u0131f\u0131n i\u00e7inde halojen gaz bulunur. Bu gaz tungsten buhar\u0131yla birle\u015fir. E\u011fer s\u0131cakl\u0131k yeterince y\u00fcksekse, halojen gaz, tungsten atomlar\u0131 buharla\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a onlarla birle\u015fecek ve tekrar filaman\u0131n \u00fczerine \u00e7\u00f6kelecektir. Bu \u00e7evrim filaman\u0131n incelmesini engelleyecek ve \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fc uzatmaktad\u0131r. Di\u011fer taraftan kuvars k\u0131l\u0131f filamana \u00e7ok yak\u0131n oldu\u011fu ve so\u011fuma olmayaca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, ampul\u00fc daha y\u00fcksek \u0131s\u0131lara \u00e7\u0131karmak haliyle daha \u00e7ok \u0131\u015f\u0131k almak da m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Yani, normal bir ampule g\u00f6re halojen ampuller \u00e7ok da s\u0131cak olmaktad\u0131r. Zaten s\u0131cakl\u0131k 250\u00baC nin \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131kmazsa halojen \u00e7evrimi ba\u015flamayacakt\u0131r. Mesela, 300W g\u00fcc\u00fcnde bir \u00e7ubuk halojen ampul 540\u00baC ye ula\u015f\u0131r. Halbuki\u00a0 500W g\u00fcc\u00fcndeki normal akkor telli ampul 180\u00baC,\u00a0 75W g\u00fcc\u00fcndeki ise 130\u00baCye ula\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n Halojen ampullerin \u0131s\u0131ya bu kadar ba\u011fl\u0131 olmalara verimsizliklerini artt\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Haliyle g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde halojen ampullerin kullan\u0131m\u0131 Avrupa ‘\u00fclkelerinde yasaklanmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f. Yani halojen ampuller sadece ayd\u0131nlatma tarihinde kalmaya haz\u0131rlanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n “Luminesans”\u0131n kelime anlam\u0131 \u0131s\u0131l olmayan kaynaklardan yay\u0131lan \u0131\u015f\u0131k demektir. Yani enkandesenlik olay\u0131n\u0131n, akkorla\u015farak \u0131\u015f\u0131k \u00fcretmenin tersidir. Asl\u0131nda “I\u015f\u0131ldama”<\/strong> diye \u00e7evirebiliriz. Do\u011fada l\u00fcminesans\u0131n farkl\u0131 t\u00fcrleri vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n L\u00fcminesans etkisi, atom ve molek\u00fcllerin uyar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f durumdan temel duruma ge\u00e7erken ald\u0131klar\u0131 enerjiyi \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m olarak geri vermelerine dayan\u0131r. Bu durum iki kat\u0131 elektrot aras\u0131ndaki normalde yal\u0131tkan halde bulunan gaz\u0131n elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131 ile iletken hale gelip, olu\u015fan elektron ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n gaz atomlar\u0131n\u0131 uyarmas\u0131 ya da iyonize etmesi ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Bir elektrottan di\u011ferine akan elektronlar yollar\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kan gaz atomlar\u0131 ile \u00e7arp\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Elektronlar\u0131n h\u0131z\u0131 atomlar\u0131 uyarmak i\u00e7in yeterli b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckte ise elektronlar atomlar\u0131 uyar\u0131r ve atomlar temel durumlar\u0131na ge\u00e7erken \u0131\u015f\u0131ma olur. \u00d6zetle, luminesans, herhangi bir cismin d\u0131\u015f bir kaynaktan herhangi bir \u015fekilde ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 enerjinin bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 elektromanyetik \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m olarak salmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n Ayd\u0131nlatmada, gazlar\u0131n l\u00fcminesans etkisinden faydalan\u0131l\u0131r. Gazlar\u0131n uyar\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra eski hallerine d\u00f6nmelerine de\u015farj denir. Yukar\u0131da da de\u011finildi\u011fi gibi, uyar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f durumdan eski hallerine d\u00f6nerken foton yayarlar, \u0131\u015f\u0131ma yaparlar. Bu \u015fekilde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan \u0131\u015f\u0131k kaynaklar\u0131na gaz de\u015farj lambalar\u0131 denir.<\/p>\n Luminesans etkisi, asl\u0131nda 17.y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonundan beri bilinmekteydi. 1675 y\u0131l\u0131nda Frans\u0131z astronom Jean-Felix Picard c\u0131val\u0131 barometresindeki vakumlu t\u00fcp\u00fcn cihaz\u0131 hareket ettirdi\u011finde par\u0131ldad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 fark etti. Bu fenomen daha sonra Francis Hauksbee taraf\u0131ndan do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131. \u0130lk \u00f6nce 1705’te bir gaz de\u015farj lambas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma prensibini g\u00f6sterdi. K\u0131smen vakumlanm\u0131\u015f bir cam kab\u0131n i\u00e7ine k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir c\u0131va yerle\u015ftirdi. Kab\u0131 statik elektrik besledi\u011finde, par\u0131ldayan c\u0131va bir ki\u015finin cihaz\u0131n yan\u0131nda kitap okumas\u0131na izin verecek kadar parlak bir \u0131\u015f\u0131lt\u0131 yayd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi. 1800l\u00fc yllar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na kadar \u00f6nemli bir geli\u015fme olmad\u0131, ta ki 1803 y\u0131l\u0131nda Sir Humprey Davy’nin ark lambas\u0131na kadar. \u0130lk b\u00f6l\u00fcmde anlat\u0131lan ark lambas\u0131 da luminesans etkisi ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir \u0131\u015f\u0131k kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n Luminesans etkisi ile \u0131\u015f\u0131k \u00fcretmenin asl\u0131nda atas\u0131 Alman fizik\u00e7i ve ayn\u0131 zamanda bir cam \u00fcfleyicisi olan Heinrich Geissler ‘d\u0131r(1814-1879) . 1857’de,\u00a0 Heinrich Geissler ve doktor arkada\u015f\u0131 Julius Pl\u00fccker uzun bir cam t\u00fcp\u00fcn i\u00e7indeki havay\u0131 tamamen bo\u015faltarak ve i\u00e7inden elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131 ge\u00e7irerek \u0131\u015f\u0131k \u00fcretebileceklerini ke\u015ffettiler. Bu ke\u015ffe Geissler t\u00fcp\u00fc<\/strong> ad\u0131 verildi.\u00a0 Ancak Geissler t\u00fcp\u00fc, \u0131\u015f\u0131k \u00fcretiminde verimlilik hen\u00fcz \u00f6nem kazanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in pop\u00fcler olamad\u0131. Verimlili\u011fin \u00f6nem kazanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 1900l\u00fc y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda tekrar g\u00fcndeme geldi. Bilim insanlar\u0131 neon, argon, kripton ve ksenon gibi soy gazlar\u0131n Geissler t\u00fcpleri i\u00e7in uygun oldu\u011funu ke\u015ffetti. 1910 y\u0131l\u0131nda Frans\u0131z m\u00fchendis Georges Calude taraf\u0131ndan ticarile\u015ftirildi. Geissler t\u00fcp\u00fc de\u015farj lambalar\u0131, floresan lambalar, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 sodyum lambalar ile\u00a0neon lambalara\u00a0temel olu\u015fturdu.<\/p>\n \u0130lk ark lambas\u0131, a\u00e7\u0131k ortamdayd\u0131. Zamanla ark bir t\u00fcp\u00fcn i\u00e7inde olu\u015fturuldu, daha sonra t\u00fcp\u00fcn i\u00e7ine \u00e7e\u015fitli gazlar konuldu ve bu gazlar\u0131n bas\u0131n\u00e7lar\u0131yla denemeler yap\u0131ld\u0131. Ark lambas\u0131yla ba\u015flayan ser\u00fcven al\u00e7ak yada y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 c\u0131va yada sodyum buharl\u0131 ampullere kadar uzand\u0131.<\/p>\n 1900’lerin ba\u015f\u0131nda Peter Cooper Hewitt, elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 bir balast yard\u0131m\u0131yla c\u0131va buhar\u0131ndan ge\u00e7irerek mavi-ye\u015fil \u0131\u015f\u0131k \u00fcretti. Hewitt’in bu lambas\u0131 akkor telli ampullerden daha verimli idi ama \u0131\u015f\u0131k rengi sebebiyle \u00e7ok s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir alanda kullan\u0131labiliyordu. 1920lerin sonunda ve 1930lar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda, Avrupa’da fosfor kapl\u0131 neon t\u00fcplerle deneyler yap\u0131l\u0131yordu. Fosfor, mor\u00f6tesi \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 emiyor ve g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 faydal\u0131 beyaz \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011fa \u00e7eviriyordu. Bu geli\u015fme Amerika’da floresan lambalara olan ilgiyi artt\u0131rd\u0131. Bu lambalar akkor telli ampullerden daha uzun \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fcyd\u00fc ve yakla\u015f\u0131k 3 kat daha verimliydi. Amerika’da 1950lere gelindi\u011finde y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0131\u015f\u0131k \u00fcretiminde lineer floresan ampuller di\u011fer \u0131\u015f\u0131k kaynaklar\u0131ndan daha fazla kullan\u0131l\u0131yordu. B\u00f6ylece floresan ampuller ayd\u0131nlatma ser\u00fcveninde yerlerini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Floresan ampuller asl\u0131nda al\u00e7ak bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 c\u0131va buharl\u0131 ampullerdir.<\/p>\n “Floresans” kelimesi asl\u0131nda bir do\u011fa olay\u0131na verilen isimdir. Luminesans olay\u0131n\u0131n bir \u015feklidir. Ad\u0131n\u0131 floresans olay\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6zlemlendi\u011fi floritten al\u0131r. Bu olay, 1500l\u00fc y\u0131llardan beri bilinmekteydi ama do\u011fru \u015fekilde a\u00e7\u0131klan\u0131p g\u00f6sterilmesi \u0130rlandal\u0131 bilim insan\u0131 Sir George Gabriel Stokes (1819-1903) 1852 y\u0131l\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi.<\/p>\n\n Floresans, \u0131\u015f\u0131k ya da di\u011fer elektromanyetik radyasyon emen bir madde taraf\u0131ndan \u0131\u015f\u0131k yay\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bir l\u00fcminesans \u015feklidir. \u00c7o\u011fu durumda, yay\u0131lan \u0131\u015f\u0131k, emilen \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011fa nazaran daha uzun bir dalga boyuna sahiptir. \u0130\u015fte bu prensipten yola \u00e7\u0131karak, floresan ampuller geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Al\u00e7ak bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 c\u0131va buhar\u0131 bulunan bir cam t\u00fcp\u00fcn \u00e7eperi fosfor ile kaplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7mesiyle olu\u015fan c\u0131va buhar\u0131 k\u0131sa dalga boylu mor \u00f6tesi \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar olu\u015fturur ve bu \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar cam t\u00fcp\u00fcn \u00e7eperindeki fosforun g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr \u0131\u015f\u0131k yaymas\u0131na sebep olur.<\/p>\n Yandaki resimde, demonstrasyon ama\u00e7l\u0131 olarak cam t\u00fcp\u00fcn yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n fosfor kapland\u0131\u011f\u0131, di\u011fer yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ise saydam b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir resim vard\u0131r. G\u00f6r\u00fcnmeyen UV \u0131\u015f\u0131n yayan c\u0131va buhar\u0131n\u0131n az da yayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnen mavi \u0131\u015f\u0131k\u00a0 ve fosforlu k\u0131sm\u0131n yayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 beyaz \u0131\u015f\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/em><\/p>\n Floresans olay\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131 i\u00e7in t\u00fcp\u00fcn i\u00e7indeki gaz\u0131n biraz \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekir. Bunun i\u00e7incam t\u00fcp\u00fcn hemen ucundaki elektrodlar aras\u0131ndaki filaman kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Filaman t\u0131pk\u0131 akkor telli ampullerdekinin tersine \u0131\u015f\u0131k i\u00e7in de\u011fil \u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Filamanlardan ak\u0131m ge\u00e7erken olu\u015fan \u0131s\u0131 sayesinde t\u00fcp\u00fcn i\u00e7indeki gaz \u0131s\u0131n\u0131r.\u00a0 Fakat bu filamanlar\u0131n devden \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 gerekir. Bu da starterler sayesinde yap\u0131l\u0131r. Normalde kapal\u0131 vaziyette bulunan starter, asl\u0131nda uzama katsay\u0131s\u0131 2 metalden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir kontakt\u0131r. \u00dczerinden ak\u0131m ge\u00e7ip uzama katsay\u0131s\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck olan metalin genle\u015fip devreyi a\u00e7mas\u0131 i\u00e7in ge\u00e7en s\u00fcre boyunca (ki bu s\u00fcre bir ka\u00e7 saniyedir) filamanlar t\u00fcp\u00fcn i\u00e7indeki gaz\u0131 \u0131s\u0131t\u0131r. Starter devreyi a\u00e7\u0131p filaman\u0131 devreden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r. Bu arada starterin cam t\u00fcpe paralel ba\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemek laz\u0131m, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc starter devreden \u00e7\u0131ksa bile cam t\u00fcp\u00fcn 2 ucunda gerilim olmaya devam eder. Bu noktada, gaz\u0131n atlama yaparak \u0131\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekli y\u00fcksek gerilimi sa\u011flayan be ak\u0131m\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131ran cihaza ihtiya\u00e7 vard\u0131r ki bu da balastt\u0131r. Balast, asl\u0131nda sarg\u0131dan olu\u015fan bir bobindir ama 2000li y\u0131llara gelindi\u011finde art\u0131k bu sarg\u0131 yerine \u00f6zel elektronik devreler kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlara elektronik balast ismi verilince eski balastlar mekanik balast olarak an\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Al\u00e7ak bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 c\u0131va buharl\u0131 ampul\u00fcn 1901’de Peter Cooper Hewitt taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilmesinden 35 y\u0131l sonra 1936’da Philips taraf\u0131ndan y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 c\u0131va buharl\u0131 ampul geli\u015ftirildi b\u00f6ylece verimlilik artt\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n Bug\u00fcn\u00fcn lambalar\u0131, i\u00e7inde kuvars de\u015farj t\u00fcp\u00fc olan y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 lambalard\u0131r.\u00a0Bu lamba \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 \u200b\u200belektrodu ile ana elektrot aras\u0131nda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir arkla ba\u015flar. Bu ark, so\u011fuk havalarda bile kolayca \u00e7akan argon gaz\u0131ndan ge\u00e7er. Bu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ark, t\u00fcp\u00fc \u0131s\u0131t\u0131r ve birka\u00e7 dakika boyunca, t\u00fcp yanlara s\u0131k\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f kat\u0131 c\u0131vay\u0131 buharla\u015ft\u0131racak kadar \u0131s\u0131n\u0131r. Buharla\u015fan c\u0131va, iki ana elektrot aras\u0131nda g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u0131\u015f\u0131k olu\u015fturur.\u00a0Ark\u0131n sonsuz g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesini \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in, ak\u0131m\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlamak i\u00e7in balast kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Baz\u0131 lambalar “Kendinden Balastl\u0131d\u0131r”.<\/p>\n Y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 c\u0131va buharl\u0131 lamba \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken enerjisi kesildi\u011finde, \u015febeke gerilimi de\u015farj\u0131 tekrar ba\u015flatmaya yetmez. Bu y\u00fczden t\u00fcp\u00fcn so\u011fumas\u0131n\u0131 ve bas\u0131nc\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmesini beklemek gerekir. Y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 c\u0131va buharl\u0131 lambalar\u0131n \u00f6mr\u00fc yakla\u015f\u0131k 6000 ile 9000 saat aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. Lamban\u0131n 10 saatten az kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fc k\u0131salt\u0131r. Gerilim dalgalanmalar\u0131 \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fc fazla etkilemez. Lamban\u0131n ate\u015fleme sistemine ihtiya\u00e7 duymamas\u0131 maliyetini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcrken g\u00fcvenli\u011fi artt\u0131r\u0131r. Lamba \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fcn uzun olmas\u0131 ve ekonomik olmas\u0131 nedeniyle y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 c\u0131va buharl\u0131 lambalar yayg\u0131n \u015fekilde kullan\u0131m alan\u0131 bulmaktad\u0131r. Ancak renksel geri verim ve \u0131\u015f\u0131ksal verimleri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck oldu\u011fundan 2006 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren \u00fclkemiz yol ayd\u0131nlatmalar\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmalar\u0131 yasaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n (Osram’\u0131n 50W g\u00fcc\u00fcnde farkl\u0131 Y\u00fcksek Bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 C\u0131va Buh. Ampulleri)<\/em><\/p>\n “Halide” halojen gazlar\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu tuz demektir. Yani metal tuzu lambalar dememiz m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 c\u0131va buharl\u0131 lambalar\u0131n bir t\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr. G\u00fcn \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 taklit eden bir \u0131\u015f\u0131k yayd\u0131klar\u0131ndan y\u00fcksek tavanl\u0131 i\u00e7 mekanlarda, end\u00fcstriyel tesis ve depolarda, stadyumlarda kullan\u0131labilir. Ayn\u0131 zamanda bir\u00a0HID (Y\u00fcksek Yo\u011funluklu De\u015farj) lambas\u0131d\u0131r, yani \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir de\u015farj t\u00fcp\u00fc i\u00e7indeki elektrik ark\u0131ndan sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n 1912’de, Charles P. Steinmetz, c\u0131va buharl\u0131 lamban\u0131n i\u00e7ine halojen tuzlar\u0131 koyarak deneyler yapt\u0131. Amac\u0131, c\u0131va buhar lambas\u0131n\u0131n daha \u00e7ekici bir renk yaymas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamakt\u0131. Denemelerinde ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 oldu, ancak tutarl\u0131 ve istikrarl\u0131 bir ark \u00fcretemedi. Steinmetz’in bu denemelerini sonraki bilim insanlar\u0131na ilham oldu.<\/p>\n Robert Reiling, ilk kararl\u0131 metal halide de\u015farj lambas\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftiren ki\u015fi oldu. 1962’de Steinmetz’in modelini geli\u015ftirdi. Molibden ve tungsten elektrotlu kuvars metal halide lamba \u00fcretti. Bu tasar\u0131m, y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 c\u0131va buharl\u0131 lambalar\u0131n \u00fcretti\u011fi y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131klara dayanabiliyor ve daha kararl\u0131 davranabiliyordu.<\/p>\n Seramik metal halide lamba, kuvars metal halide lamban\u0131n daha geli\u015fmi\u015fidir.\u00a0 Kuvars yerine, seramik metal halide lambas\u0131 de\u015farj\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in sinterlenmi\u015f al\u00fcminyumdan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f seramik bir t\u00fcp kullan\u0131r. Kuvars t\u00fcp\u00fcn aksine, seramik t\u00fcp s\u0131cak de\u015farj\u0131n \u00fcretti\u011fi y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131klara dayanabilir ve ayr\u0131ca i\u00e7 k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 da kolay kolay korozyona u\u011framaz.<\/p>\n \u0130lk seramik metal halide lamba, 1981 y\u0131l\u0131nda Hannover Ayd\u0131nlatma Fuar\u0131’nda Thorn Ayd\u0131nlatma taraf\u0131ndan d\u00fcnyaya tan\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131. Ancak, bu lamban\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6zel bir balasta ihtiya\u00e7 duymas\u0131 ticarile\u015ftirilmesini engelledi. \u0130lk ticari seramik metal halide lamba 1994 y\u0131l\u0131nda Phillips taraf\u0131ndan piyasaya s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n Metal halide lambalar, genellikle di\u011fer halide lambalarda kullan\u0131lan argon yerine ampul i\u00e7indeki xenon gaz\u0131 kullan\u0131lmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 yayg\u0131n olarak “xenon farlar” olarak bilinen otomobil farlar\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n (Bir havaalan\u0131nda metal halide ayd\u0131nlatman\u0131n etkisini g\u00f6steren resim)<\/em><\/p>\n 1920’de Westinghouse firmas\u0131nda Arthur H. Compton ilk al\u00e7ak bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 sodyum buharl\u0131 lambay\u0131 icat etti. ama bu icad\u0131 ticarile\u015ftirilememi\u015fti \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc lamba \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda sodyum elektrotlar \u00e7abuk a\u015f\u0131n\u0131yor ve ampul\u00fcn \u00e7eperi siyahla\u015f\u0131yordu. 1932 y\u0131l\u0131nda Philips, ticari kullan\u0131ma uygun ilk al\u00e7ak bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 sodyum ampul\u00fcn\u00fc geli\u015ftirdi. Philips’in bu modelinde ayr\u0131labilir bir d\u0131\u015f ceket vard\u0131. Cam t\u00fcp ile bu d\u0131\u015f ceket aras\u0131nda da vakum vard\u0131. Vakum, ampul\u00fcn \u0131s\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 koruyan ve sodyumun kat\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nleyen yal\u0131tkan bir tabaka g\u00f6revi g\u00f6r\u00fcyordu. Al\u00e7ak bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 sodyum lambalar, 1930’lardan bu yana sokak ayd\u0131nlatmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu cihazlar\u0131n yayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 sar\u0131ms\u0131 \u0131\u015f\u0131k sise n\u00fcfuz edebiliyor ve \u00e7ok uzun mesafelerden g\u00f6r\u00fclebiliyordu.<\/p>\n Daha sonra bilim insanlar\u0131, Phlips’in al\u00e7ak bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 sodyum lambas\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerinde iyile\u015ftirmeler yapt\u0131lar. \u00d6rne\u011fin, birinde d\u0131\u015f vakum k\u0131l\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 ampul\u00fcn i\u00e7indeki bo\u015faltma borusuyla birle\u015ftirdiler. Bu, lamban\u0131n yal\u0131t\u0131m \u00f6zelliklerini de geli\u015ftiren aerodinamik bir tasar\u0131md\u0131. Ba\u015fka bir iyile\u015ftirme ise, \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilir ceketin i\u00e7 taraf\u0131 kaplanarak yap\u0131ld\u0131. K\u0131z\u0131l\u00f6tesi yans\u0131t\u0131c\u0131 indiyum kalay oksit tabakas\u0131 , ampulun uzun s\u00fcre s\u0131cak kalmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak ad\u0131na yayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0131s\u0131y\u0131 tekrar ampule yans\u0131t\u0131yordu. Bu tasar\u0131m so\u011fuk iklimlerde kullan\u0131m i\u00e7in idealdi.<\/p>\n (Philips’in 180W g\u00fcc\u00fcnde 32.000L\u00fcmen veren Al\u00e7ak Bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 Sodyum Buh. Ampul\u00fc)<\/em><\/p>\n Al\u00e7ak bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 sodyum buhar\u0131 lambalar\u0131nda bir borosilikat cam t\u00fcp i\u00e7inde kat\u0131 sodyum ve gaz de\u015farj\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015flatmak i\u00e7in az miktarda neon ve argon bulunur. T\u00fcp, do\u011frusal yada U \u015feklinde olabilir. Lamba ilk ate\u015flendi\u011finde, k\u0131rz\u0131l\/pempe aras\u0131bir renk yayr. Birka\u00e7 dakikal\u0131k bu s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde sodyum buharla\u015f\u0131r ve \u0131\u015f\u0131k rengi parlak sar\u0131ya d\u00f6ner.\u00a0 Sar\u0131 renginden dolay\u0131 ayd\u0131nlat\u0131lan objelerin ger\u00e7ek renklerini ay\u0131rdetmek g\u00fc\u00e7t\u00fcr.<\/p>\n (Resimde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmakta olan bir al\u00e7ak bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 sodyum buharl\u0131 bir ampul g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Parlak sar\u0131 bir \u0131\u015f\u0131k yaymaktad\u0131r)<\/em><\/p>\n Al\u00e7ak bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 sodyum buhar\u0131 lambalar\u0131, floresan lambalara benzer, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc do\u011frusal lamba \u015feklinde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck yo\u011funluklu bir \u0131\u015f\u0131k kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Y\u00fcksek yo\u011funluklu de\u015farj (HID) lambalar\u0131 gibi parlak bir ark g\u00f6stermezler; daha yumu\u015fak bir \u0131\u015f\u0131lt\u0131 yayarlar, bu da daha az parlamay\u0131 sa\u011flar. HID lambalar\u0131n aksine, voltaj d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fc s\u0131ras\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 sodyum lambalar h\u0131zla tam parlakl\u0131\u011fa geri d\u00f6ner. Al\u00e7ak bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 sodyum lambalar\u0131n\u0131n, 10 W ile 180 W aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fen g\u00fc\u00e7 de\u011ferleri mevcuttur.Modern lambalar yakla\u015f\u0131k 18.000 saatlik kullan\u0131m \u00f6mr\u00fcne sahiptir ve ya\u015flanmayla birlikte l\u00fcmen \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f g\u00f6stermezler. Ancak enerji t\u00fcketimi kullan\u0131m \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fcn sonuna do\u011fru% 10 artmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Al\u00e7ak bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 sodyum buhar\u0131 lambalar\u0131, genelikle SOX diye an\u0131l\u0131rlart. “SO” sodyumdan gelirken “X” metal oksit kaplamadan gelir. SOX’tan farkl\u0131 olarak ayr\u0131labilir tip(SO), entegre tip (SOI), do\u011frusal tip (SLI), gibi.<\/p>\n Al\u00e7ak bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 sodyum lamban\u0131n icat edildi\u011fi g\u00fcnlerden itibaren, bilim insanlar\u0131 daha y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 bir \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n daha i\u015flevsel olarak etkili olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 biliyorlard\u0131. Ancak, hen\u00fcz y\u00fcksek bas\u0131nca ve s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011fa dayanacak ve sodyumun a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rmayaca\u011f\u0131 bir malzeme ke\u015ffedilmemi\u015fti. Sonunda, 1955’te Robert L. Coble, Lucalox’u yani y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 sodyum lambalarda kullan\u0131labilecek al\u00fcminyum oksit seramiklerini ke\u015ffetti.\u00a01964 y\u0131l\u0131nda Elmer Homonnay, William Louden ve Kurt Schmidt, Lucalox kullanan ilk y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 sodyum lambas\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirdiler.<\/p>\n (Pelsan’\u0131n 150W g\u00fcc\u00fcnde 17.000L\u00fcmen veren Y\u00fcksek Bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 Sodyum Buh. Ampul\u00fc)<\/em><\/p>\n Y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 sodyum lambalar\u0131 daha beyaz bir \u0131\u015f\u0131k yayd\u0131klar\u0131ndan yol kav\u015faklar\u0131nda, spor stadyumu ve t\u00fcnellerde kullan\u0131m i\u00e7in idealdir.<\/p>\n Al\u00e7ak bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 tiplerden farkl\u0131 olarak y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 sodyum buharl\u0131 lambalarda, yaln\u0131zca sodyum kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda olu\u015fan \u0131\u015f\u0131k tayf\u0131ndaki dar ve tek renkli \u00e7izgilerin geni\u015fletilmesi amac\u0131yla sodyumun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra c\u0131va da kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve lamba bas\u0131nc\u0131 artt\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece, daha geni\u015f bir \u0131\u015f\u0131k tayf\u0131 elde edilerek renk kalitesi iyile\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Lamban\u0131n \u0131\u015f\u0131k vermesi, de\u015farj t\u00fcp\u00fc i\u00e7erisindeki sodyum-c\u0131va kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7 ve s\u0131cakl\u0131kta buharla\u015fmas\u0131 ve uygulanan elektriksel gerilim ile uyar\u0131lmas\u0131 yoluyla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmektedir. Y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 sodyum buharl\u0131 lambalar, s\u0131kl\u0131kla SON k\u0131saltmas\u0131yla an\u0131l\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n Elektrodsuz lamba olarak da bilinen ind\u00fcksiyon lambalar\u0131n da asl\u0131nda bir gaz de\u015farj lambas\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak kendisini farkl\u0131 k\u0131lan \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir \u00f6zelli\u011fi vard\u0131r. Di\u011fer t\u00fcm gaz de\u015farj lambalar\u0131 gerekli g\u00fcc\u00fc t\u00fcp\u00fcn i\u00e7indeki elektrotlar vas\u0131tas\u0131yla sa\u011flarken, ind\u00fcksiyon lambas\u0131 t\u00fcp\u00fcn d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bir elektrik veya manyetik alan olu\u015fturarak lamban\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00e7ekmesini sa\u011flar. Asl\u0131nda bir nevi transformat\u00f6r gibi hayal edebiliriz. Bir iletken yak\u0131n\u0131ndaki di\u011fer bir iletken \u00fczerinde gerilim ind\u00fckl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n Yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131lan 2 \u00e7e\u015fidi vard\u0131r. \u0130lki i\u00e7inde k\u00fck\u00fcrt buhar\u0131 yada metal halide olan bir t\u00fcp\u00fcn elektrostatik ind\u00fcksiyonla enerjilendirildi\u011fi plazma lambas\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130kincisi ise floresan ind\u00fcksiyon lambas\u0131d\u0131r. ad\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcnde floresans etkisiyle \u0131\u015f\u0131k \u00fcretir. Ama bu sefer serbest elektronlar ind\u00fcksiyonla olu\u015fturulan manyetik alan etkisiyle \u00fcretilir. Serbest elektronlar da c\u0131va atomlar\u0131na \u00e7arparak mor\u00f6tesi \u0131\u015f\u0131n olu\u015fturmalar\u0131na sebep olur. Mor\u00f6tesi \u0131\u015f\u0131n bir kere olu\u015funca t\u00fcp\u00fcn \u00e7eperindeki fosfor kaplamas\u0131na \u00e7arparak g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr \u0131\u015f\u0131k olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n (Farkl\u0131 tiplerde ind\u00fcksiyon lambalar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir.)<\/em><\/p>\n Bu lambalar y\u00fcksek frekansta \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131ndan kama\u015fma ve titreme gibi s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 yoktur. Ayr\u0131ca elektrodsuz olduklar\u0131ndan yani a\u015f\u0131nan elektrodlar\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan olduk\u00e7a uzun \u00f6mre sahiptir. (60-100 bin saat)<\/p>\n (Yandaki resimde solda y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 sodyum buharl\u0131 ampullerle yap\u0131lan ayd\u0131nlatma vard\u0131r. Sa\u011fdaki ise ayn\u0131 alan\u0131n ind\u00fcksiyon lambalar\u0131yla ayd\u0131nlat\u0131lmas\u0131 durumudur.)<\/em><\/p>\n 1893 y\u0131l\u0131nda Nikola Tesla (S\u0131rp-1856-1943)\u00a0 kendisinin geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi ilk elektrodsuz lambay\u0131 bir fuarda tan\u0131tt\u0131.Lambas\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ampule benziyordu ve garip ye\u015filimsi fosforlara sahipti. Lamba, yak\u0131ndaki b\u00fcy\u00fck bir “Tesla Bobini” nin elektromanyetik alan\u0131 ile g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmekteydi. Ama o tarihte pratik kullan\u0131m\u0131 olan bir lamba hi\u00e7 geli\u015ftirilmedi. 1904 y\u0131l\u0131nda, floresan lamban\u0131n geli\u015fiminde b\u00fcy\u00fck rol sahibi olan Peter Hewitt ind\u00fcksiyonla floresans etkisini yaratmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131.\u00a0 1967’de John Andersonilk g\u00fcvenilir elektrodsuz lambay\u0131 geli\u015ftirdi ve art\u0131k ticarile\u015ftirilmeye ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/p>\n LED, do\u011fru ak\u0131ma ba\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u0131\u015f\u0131k yayan elektrikli bir bile\u015fendir. Elektrol\u00fcminesans prensibi ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. K\u0131z\u0131l\u00f6tesi, mor\u00f6tesi ve g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr \u0131\u015f\u0131k yayabilir. Karakteristik olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck enerji t\u00fcketimine, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck boyuta, daha uzun \u00f6mre ve akkor lambalara g\u00f6re daha h\u0131zl\u0131 anahtarlamaya sahiptir.<\/p>\n 1907’de, \u0130ngiliz Henry Joseph Round, silisyum karb\u00fcr kristalinin 10V potansiyel uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, sar\u0131ms\u0131 \u0131\u015f\u0131k yayd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 fark etti. Fakat bu olay\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131p teorisini ortaya koyan ilk ki\u015fi 1927’de Rus Oleg Vladimirovich Losev oldu.<\/p>\n Radio Corporation of America’da \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Rubin Braunstein, 1955’te baz\u0131 basit diyotlar\u0131n bir ak\u0131ma ba\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda k\u0131z\u0131l\u00f6tesi \u0131\u015f\u0131k yayd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildirdi. 1961’de Texas Instruments’tan Gary Pittman ve Bob Biard, galyum-arsenit diyotunun, ak\u0131ma her ba\u011flan\u0131\u015f\u0131nda k\u0131z\u0131l\u00f6tesi \u0131\u015f\u0131k yayd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 buldu. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l k\u0131z\u0131l\u00f6tesi LED i\u00e7in patent ald\u0131lar. ,<\/p>\n General Electric’te \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Nick Holonyak Jr., 1962’de, frekans aral\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr k\u0131sm\u0131nda ilk \u0131\u015f\u0131k yayan diyotu geli\u015ftirdi. Bu k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 bir LED’di. 1972’de, Holonyak’\u0131n bir \u00f6\u011frencisi olan M. George Craford, ilk sar\u0131 LED’i ve daha parlak bir k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 LED’i icat etti. Thomas P. Pearsall, telekom\u00fcnikasyonda fiber optiklerle birlikte kullan\u0131lmak \u00fczere 1976’da y\u00fcksek parlakl\u0131kta \u0131\u015f\u0131k yayan diyot geli\u015ftirdi. Nichia Corporation’dan Shuji Nakamura, 1979’da ilk mavi LED’i yapt\u0131 ancak pahal\u0131 oldu\u011fundan 1994’e kadar ticari arenaya giremedi.<\/p>\n \u0130lk ba\u015fta, \u0131\u015f\u0131k yayan diyotlar \u00e7ok pahal\u0131yd\u0131, par\u00e7a ba\u015f\u0131na 200 dolard\u0131. Bu nedenle, sadece son derece profesyonel laboratuvar ekipmanlar\u0131nda g\u00f6sterge olarak kullan\u0131lmaktayd\u0131. Fairchild Semiconductors, 1970’lerde, \u0131\u015f\u0131k yayan diyotlar i\u00e7in yar\u0131 iletken yongalar\u0131n \u00fcretiminde d\u00fczlemsel bir i\u015flem kullanarak bireysel LED maliyetlerini 5 sente d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmeyi ba\u015fard\u0131.<\/p>\n G\u00f6r\u00fclebilen \u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131 LED, akkor ve neon \u0131\u015f\u0131klar\u0131n yerine, b\u00fcy\u00fck RGB ekranlarda, semaforlarda ve di\u011fer g\u00f6rsel cihazlarda, hesap makinelerinde, saatlerde ve el fenerlerinde kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. K\u0131z\u0131l\u00f6tesi LED’ler, TV’lerde, DVD’lerde ve kablosuz kontrole ihtiya\u00e7 duyan di\u011fer yerlerde uzaktan kumanda \u00fcnitelerinde kullan\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n LED’ler ile beyaz \u0131\u015f\u0131k temel olarak iki \u015fekilde elde edilebilmektedir: LEDler temelde basit birer diyottur. Bilindi\u011fi gibi diyotlar yar\u0131 iletken iki par\u00e7an\u0131n bir araya getirilmesiyle elde edilen bir devre eleman\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak i\u015fin daha \u00f6ncesine giderek diyotlar\u0131n da nas\u0131l \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hat\u0131rlayal\u0131m:<\/p>\n Elektrikte normal \u015fartlar halinde 2 tane malzeme \u00e7e\u015fidi vard\u0131r. \u0130letken malzemeler ve yal\u0131tkan malzemeler. Bak\u0131r, al\u00fcminyum gibi malzemeler iletken malzemeler iken plastik, tahta gibi malzemeler de yal\u0131tkan malzemelerdir. Elektri\u011fin temelinde elektron ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 yatt\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re e\u011fer bir malzemenin atomik yap\u0131s\u0131nda serbest elektron yoksa o malzeme yal\u0131tkan olmaktad\u0131r. Ama iletken malzemelerde baz\u0131 elektronlar serbest kal\u0131r ve iletkene bir gerilim uygulanmas\u0131yla devrede bir elektron ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n Her ne kadar yal\u0131tkan diye bir s\u0131n\u0131ftan bahsetmi\u015f olsak da i\u015fin ger\u00e7e\u011fi malzeme ne olursa olsun e\u011fer yeterince y\u00fcksek bir gerilim uygularsan\u0131z o yal\u0131tkan dedi\u011fimiz malzeme bile iletime ge\u00e7er. Periyodik cetvelin ortas\u0131nda yer alan belli elementler yal\u0131tkand\u0131r. Yani serbest elektron a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan fakirdir. Ama kimyasal bir reaksiyonla bunlara doping yap\u0131p iletkene \u00e7evirirsek bir yar\u0131 iletken elde etmi\u015f oluruz. En yayg\u0131n yar\u0131 iletken malzemeler silikon ve germanyumdur. Silikon normal \u015fartlarda yal\u0131tkan bir malzemedir. Ama silikonun yap\u0131s\u0131na biraz antimon atomu konarsa bu art\u0131k elektri\u011fi iletebilir bir yap\u0131ya ge\u00e7er. Bu duruma getirilen yar\u0131 iletkene “n tipi yar\u0131 iletken” denir. Benzer \u015fekilde silikonun yap\u0131s\u0131na bu sefer boron atomu eklenirse baz\u0131 elektronlar\u0131 uzakla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve yerinde “delik” b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015f olursunuz. Bu tip yar\u0131 iletkene de “p tipi yar\u0131 iletken” denir.<\/p>\n E\u011fer n tipi yar\u0131 iletken ile p tipi yar\u0131 iletkeni birle\u015ftirilip yan yana konunca birle\u015fim y\u00fczeyinin yak\u0131n\u0131ndaki elektron delikleri doldurur. Neticede birle\u015fme y\u00fczeyinin civar\u0131nda n\u00f6tr (y\u00fcks\u00fcz) silikon atomlar\u0131 olu\u015fur. Normal silikondan fark\u0131 olmayan bu b\u00f6lge, t\u0131pk\u0131 normal silikonun yal\u0131tkan oldu\u011fu gibi yal\u0131tkan hale ge\u00e7er. Yal\u0131tkan hale ge\u00e7en b\u00f6lgeye “yay\u0131l\u0131m b\u00f6lgesi” ad\u0131 verilir.<\/p>\n Devreye gerilim uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, yar\u0131 iletken eleman\u0131m\u0131z gerilimin polaritesine g\u00f6re davran\u0131r. E\u011fer gerilim kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131 kutbu p tipi yar\u0131 iletken taraf\u0131ndan ba\u011flan\u0131rsa ve gerilim de\u011feri yal\u0131tkan haldeki yay\u0131l\u0131m b\u00f6lgesini iletkene \u00e7evirecek e\u015fik de\u011ferini a\u015farsa devre iletime ge\u00e7er. E\u011fer tam tersi polaritede ba\u011flan\u0131rsa aradaki yay\u0131l\u0131m b\u00f6lgesi s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 daha da b\u00fcy\u00fcyecek ve devre iletime ge\u00e7meyecektir.<\/p>\n Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma prensibinin nas\u0131l \u0131\u015f\u0131k \u00fcretti\u011fi k\u0131sm\u0131na gelirsek: Elektronlar deliklerle birle\u015fip kararl\u0131 hale ge\u00e7erken foton salarlar. Bu foton silikon ve germanyum esasl\u0131 diyotlarda k\u0131z\u0131l \u00f6tesi \u015feklinde olur ve g\u00f6zle g\u00f6r\u00fclmez. LEDlerde kullan\u0131lan yar\u0131 iletken maddeler genellikle galyum arsenik (GaAs), galyum arsenik fosfat (GaAsP) ve galyum fosfatt\u0131r (GaP). Ayr\u0131ca bu bile\u015fimlerin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda da bile\u015fimler de vard\u0131r . LED lerin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bile\u015fimler ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma gerilimleri a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da verilmi\u015ftir;<\/span><\/p>\n Piyasada kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z LEDlerin ba\u015f\u0131nda SMD LED<\/strong>ler gelmektedir. SMD “Surface Mounted Device” yani y\u00fczeye monte edilen cihaz anlam\u0131na gelen bir k\u0131saltmad\u0131r. \u015eerit LEDler \u00fczerinde yer alan LEDler SMD dir. SMDler de 3 \u00e7ipli yada tek \u00e7ipli olarak \u00fcretilmektedir.<\/p>\n (Solda 3 \u00e7ipli SMD LED, Ortada tek \u00e7ipli SMD LED ve Sa\u011fda \u015ferit LED resimleri g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.)<\/em><\/p>\n Birden \u00e7ok LED \u00e7ekirde\u011finin tek bir plakada birle\u015ftirilmesi ile \u00fcretilmi\u015f LED\u2019lere COB LED ad\u0131 verilir. COB, Chip-on-Board kelimelerinin ba\u015f harflerinden olu\u015fan bu k\u0131saltmad\u0131r.\u00a0\u00a0(Sa\u011f tarafta COB LED g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir)<\/em><\/p>\n 2000li y\u0131llarla birlikte yeni yeni hayat\u0131m\u0131za giren fiberoptik ayd\u0131nlatma tam olarak di\u011fer \u0131\u015f\u0131k kaynaklar\u0131na alternatif olacak seviyeye gelmemi\u015ftir. Genel ayd\u0131nlatmalardan ziyade\u00a0 efekt ayd\u0131nlatmas\u0131, dekoratif ayd\u0131nlatma, \u00e7er\u00e7eve ayd\u0131nlatmas\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Fiberoptik ayd\u0131nlatmada k\u0131z\u0131l\u00f6tesi ve mor\u00f6tesi \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan hassas objelerin lokal ayd\u0131nlatmas\u0131nda da kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bir di\u011fer \u00f6nemli kullan\u0131m alan\u0131 da patlay\u0131c\u0131 ortamlar ile vandalizme a\u00e7\u0131k ortamlarda kullan\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n Fiberoptik ayd\u0131nlatman\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma prensibi olduk\u00e7a basittir. Kapal\u0131 bir \u0131\u015f\u0131k kutusu vard\u0131r. Bu \u0131\u015f\u0131k kutusunun i\u00e7inde metal halide, LED gibi uygun g\u00fc\u00e7te bir lamba bulunur. Kutuya ba\u011fl\u0131 fiberoptik kablolarla \u0131\u015f\u0131n ayd\u0131nlat\u0131lacak mekana iletilir. Mekanda bulunan ve fiberoptik kabloya ba\u011fl\u0131 ayd\u0131nlatma armat\u00fcr\u00fc ile mekan ayd\u0131nlat\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n (Resimde fiberoptik ayd\u0131nlatma sisteminin temel elemanlar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir.)\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n Fiberoptik ayd\u0131nlatma direkt olarak bir \u0131\u015f\u0131k kayna\u011f\u0131 de\u011fildir. Bir \u0131\u015f\u0131k kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n verdi\u011fi \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 ileten bir sistemdir. Bu nedenle yaz\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131ndaki gruplama yer almam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Buna ra\u011fmen, \u0131\u015f\u0131k kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak g\u00fcne\u015fin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 durumunda \u00e7ok etkili bir sistem olmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle g\u00fcnd\u00fcz vakitlerinde b\u00fcy\u00fck binalar\u0131n penceresiz mekanlar\u0131nda ayd\u0131nlatma yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Halbuki g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 toplayarak bu mekanlara ileten sistemler \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde i\u015fletme giderlerini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmektedir. Sadece ofislerde de\u011fil, geni\u015f alanl\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck depolarda, end\u00fcstriyel tesislerde de \u00e7ok etkili bir sistemdir.<\/p>\n (Sol tarafta g\u00fcn \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan faydalanan bir sistem, sa\u011fda ise fiberoptik kablonun yap\u0131s\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir)<\/em><\/p>\n En iyi \u0131\u015f\u0131k kayna\u011f\u0131 hangisidir sorusunun tek bir cevab\u0131 yok maalesef. Her \u0131\u015f\u0131k kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc art\u0131 ve eksileri vard\u0131r. Bak\u0131m kolayl\u0131\u011f\u0131, i\u015fletme kolayl\u0131\u011f\u0131, fiyat gibi hususlar\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne almazsak lamba se\u00e7iminde 4 tane temel kriter vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n I\u015f\u0131k kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n \u015febekeden \u00e7ektikleri g\u00fc\u00e7 ile yayd\u0131klar\u0131 \u0131\u015f\u0131k ak\u0131s\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki orand\u0131r. (L\u00fcmen \/ Watt – lm\/W)<\/p>\n A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da etkinlik fakt\u00f6r\u00fcne g\u00f6re \u0131\u015f\u0131k kaynaklar\u0131 s\u0131ralanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Metalin \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131 durumunda rengi de\u011fi\u015fmeye ba\u015flayacakt\u0131r. \u00d6yleki 1000\u00baK s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 \u0131\u015f\u0131k vermeye ba\u015flar ve s\u0131cakl\u0131k artt\u0131k\u00e7a sar\u0131, beyaz, mavi gibi renkler vermeye ba\u015flar.\u00a0 Hangi s\u0131cakl\u0131kta hangi rengin olu\u015fmas\u0131na paralel renk s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 skalas\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da renk s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131na g\u00f6re \u0131\u015f\u0131k kaynaklar\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir. (Renk s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 gereksinime g\u00f6re oldu\u011fundan bir s\u0131ralama yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r)<\/p>\n Bir \u0131\u015f\u0131k kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n, ideal bir kayna\u011fa (g\u00fcne\u015f) g\u00f6re renkleri g\u00f6sterebilme yetene\u011fine renksel geri verim denir. 0-100 aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fir. \u0130deal kaynaklar\u0131n renksel geriverimi 100 kabul edilir.<\/p>\n A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da renksel geriverime g\u00f6re \u0131\u015f\u0131k kaynaklar\u0131 s\u0131ralanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u0130statistiksel bak\u0131mdan de\u011ferlendirmeye yetecek say\u0131da lambadan olu\u015fan bir ayd\u0131nlatma tesisinde, 100 saat kullanmadan sonraki toplam \u0131\u015f\u0131k ak\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n lambalar\u0131n kullan\u0131lmaz hale gelmeleri ve \u0131\u015f\u0131k ak\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n azalmalar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k %30 de\u011fer kaybetmesi A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da lamba \u00f6mr\u00fcne g\u00f6re \u0131\u015f\u0131k kaynaklar\u0131 s\u0131ralanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n http:\/\/www.emo.org.tr\/ekler\/da88bfd57b5f39e_ek.pdf?tipi=2&turu=X&sube=12<\/p>\n https:\/\/sciencestruck.com\/who-invented-light-bulb<\/p>\n http:\/\/www.lamptech.co.uk\/<\/p>\n https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/details\/education\/10468955\/What_are_Fluorescence_and_Phosphorescence.html<\/p>\n https:\/\/www.elektrikce.com\/desarj-lambalari\/<\/p>\n https:\/\/www.efxkits.us\/different-types-of-lamps-in-lighting-system\/<\/p>\n https:\/\/www.noao.edu\/education\/QLTkit\/ACTIVITY_Documents\/Energy\/TypesofLights.pdfhttps:\/\/www.energy.gov\/articles\/history-light -bulb<\/p>\n https:\/\/ethw.org\/Early_Light_Bulbshttps:\/\/home.howstuffworks.com\/light-bulb2.htm<\/p>\n https:\/\/home.howstuffworks.com\/question151.htm<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Ayd\u0131nlatma tarihi deyince ilk akla Thomas Edison geliyor. Neticede ampul\u00fc icat eden ki\u015fi diye \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015fizdir hep. Ama ayd\u0131nlatma daha do\u011frusu elektrikle ayd\u0131nlatman\u0131n tarihi Edison ile ba\u015flamaz. Edison’un akkor telli ampul\u00fc bulma yar\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nde bitirmesinden yakla\u015f\u0131k 1 as\u0131r \u00f6nce ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ayd\u0131nlatma tarihi. Ayd\u0131nlatma tarihine ge\u00e7meden \u00f6nce \u0131\u015f\u0131k kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 tekrar hat\u0131rlayal\u0131m. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u015femada bildi\u011fimiz ve uzun y\u0131llarca… I\u015f\u0131k Kaynaklar\u0131 ve Ayd\u0131nlatma Tarihi<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":3587,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[236,237,238,239,240,241,242,243],"class_list":["post-2319","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-elektrik-tesisat","tag-aydinlatma","tag-aydinlatma-tarihi","tag-fiberoptik-aydinlatma","tag-induksiyonla-aydinlatma","tag-isik","tag-isik-kaynaklari","tag-led","tag-lumen"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/benga.pro\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2319","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/benga.pro\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/benga.pro\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/benga.pro\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/benga.pro\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2319"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/benga.pro\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2319\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/benga.pro\/index.php\/wp-json\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/benga.pro\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2319"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/benga.pro\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2319"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/benga.pro\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2319"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}![\"arklambasi.jpg\"](\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/arklambasi.jpg\")
<\/p>\n<\/h4>\n
<\/h4>\n
Enkandesen Ampuller – Akkor Telli Ampuller<\/h4>\n
\n![\"swan-edison.JPG\"](\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/swan-edison.jpg\")
<\/p>\n<\/h4>\n
Halojen ampuller<\/h4>\n
![\"peridyodikcetvel.JPG\"](\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/peridyodikcetvel.jpg\")
<\/p>\nLuminesans ve Gaz De\u015farj Lambalar\u0131<\/h4>\n
Floresans Etkisi ve Al\u00e7ak Bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 C\u0131va Buharl\u0131 Ampul<\/h4>\n
![\"FL](\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/fl-thorn-f40t12-640-half-coated.jpg\")
<\/p>\n![\"FloresanDevre.png\"](\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/floresandevre.png\")
<\/p>\nY\u00fcksek Bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 C\u0131va Buharl\u0131 Lamba<\/h4>\n
![\"HQL.JPG\"](\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/hql.jpg\")
<\/p>\nMetal Halide Lambalar (MH)<\/h4>\n
![\"MH.JPG\"](\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/mh.jpg\")
<\/p>\n![\"MH2.JPG\"](\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/mh2.jpg\")
<\/p>\nAl\u00e7ak Bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 Sodyum Buharl\u0131 Lamba (LPS)<\/h4>\n
![\"SOX.JPG\"](\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/sox.jpg\")
<\/p>\n![\"SOXOn.JPG\"](\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/soxon.jpg\")
<\/p>\nY\u00fcksek Bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 Sodyum Lamba (HPS)<\/h4>\n
![\"SON.JPG\"](\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/son-1.jpg\")
<\/p>\n\u0130nd\u00fcksiyon Lambalar\u0131<\/h4>\n
![\"ind\u00fcksiyon.JPG\"](\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/indc3bcksiyon.jpg\")
<\/p>\n![\"ind\u00fcksiyon2.JPG\"](\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/indc3bcksiyon2.jpg\")
<\/p>\n<\/h3>\n
<\/h3>\n
LED – (Light Emitting Diode) I\u015f\u0131k Yayan Diyot<\/h4>\n
![\"led1.JPG\"](\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/led1.jpg\")
<\/p>\n
\nYa \u00fc\u00e7 renkli k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131, ye\u015fil, mavi (RGB) LED kullanarak birle\u015fimlerinden beyaz \u0131\u015f\u0131k elde edilmektedir ya da k\u0131sa dalga boylu (mavi veya ultraviyole) \u0131\u015f\u0131n yayan LED’leri fosfor tabakas\u0131 ile kaplayarak beyaz \u0131\u015f\u0131k elde edilmektir.<\/p>\n![\"led2.PNG\"](\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/led2.png\")
<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"http:\/\/www.benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/diyot-300x118.jpg\")
<\/p>\n![\"led5.jpg\"](\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/led5.jpg\")
Ayr\u0131ca LED ba\u015f\u0131na 0.5W’tan daha fazla g\u00fc\u00e7 harcayan b\u00fcy\u00fck LEDlere Power LED ad\u0131 verilmektedir. Bu LEDler yanyana geldiklerinde \u00f6nemli miktarda \u0131s\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131rlar ki bunlar\u0131 kullanan armat\u00fcrlerde so\u011futma \u00f6nlemlerinin al\u0131nmas\u0131 gereklidir. Power LEDlerin \u00fczerine \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 odaklamak \u00fczere lens konur.\u00a0 (Sol tarafta 1 Wl\u0131k Power LED resmi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.)<\/em><\/p>\n![\"led5\"](\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/led5.png\")
<\/p>\n<\/h3>\n
Fiberoptik Ayd\u0131nlatma<\/strong><\/h4>\n
![\"fiber.png\"](\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/fiber.png\")
<\/p>\n![\"fiber2.png\"](\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/fiber2.png\")
<\/p>\nI\u015f\u0131k Kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/h4>\n
\n
\n\n
\n 1<\/td>\n AB Sodyum Buharl\u0131 Lambalar<\/td>\n 130 – 200 lm\/W<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 2<\/td>\n YB Sodyum Buharl\u0131 Lambalar<\/td>\n 66 – 138 lm\/W<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 3<\/td>\n \u0130nd\u00fcksiyon Lambalar\u0131<\/td>\n 80 – 90 lm\/W<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 4<\/td>\n Floresan Lambalar<\/td>\n 66 – 89 lm\/W<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 5<\/td>\n Kompakt Floresan Lambalar<\/td>\n 50 – 87 lm\/W<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 6<\/td>\n Metal Halide Lambalar<\/td>\n 61 – 83 lm\/W<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 7<\/td>\n LED Lambalar<\/td>\n 40 – 70 lm\/W<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 8<\/td>\n YB C\u0131va Buharl\u0131 Lambalar<\/td>\n 40 – 60 lm\/W<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 9<\/td>\n Halojen Lambalar<\/td>\n 14 – 25 lm\/W<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 10<\/td>\n Akkor Telli Lambalar<\/td>\n 8 – 16 lm\/W<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n \n
![\"kelvin2.PNG\"](\"http:\/\/benga.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/kelvin2.png\")
<\/p>\n\n\n
\n Akkor Telli Lambalar<\/td>\n 2700 K<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Halojen Lambalar<\/td>\n 2700 – 3500 K<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Floresan Lambalar<\/td>\n 2700 – 4000 K<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Kompakt Floresan Lambalar<\/td>\n 2700 – 4000 K<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n YB C\u0131va Buharl\u0131 Lambalar<\/td>\n 3300 – 4300 K<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Metal Halide Lambalar<\/td>\n 3800 -7000 K<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n YB Sodyum Buharl\u0131 Lambalar<\/td>\n 2000 K<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n AB Sodyum Buharl\u0131 Lambalar<\/td>\n 1750 K<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n LED Lambalar<\/td>\n 2700 – 8000K<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \u0130nd\u00fcksiyon Lambalar\u0131<\/td>\n 2700 – 4000 K<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n \n
\n\n
\n 1<\/td>\n Akkor Telli Lambalar<\/td>\n 100<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 2<\/td>\n Halojen Lambalar<\/td>\n 100<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 3<\/td>\n Floresan Lambalar<\/td>\n 85-99<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 4<\/td>\n LED Lambalar<\/td>\n 60-97<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 5<\/td>\n Kompakt Floresan Lambalar<\/td>\n 80-90<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 6<\/td>\n Metal Halide Lambalar<\/td>\n 70 – 90<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 7<\/td>\n YB Sodyum Buharl\u0131 Lambalar<\/td>\n 25-85<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 8<\/td>\n \u0130nd\u00fcksiyon Lambalar\u0131<\/td>\n 85<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 9<\/td>\n YB C\u0131va Buharl\u0131 Lambalar<\/td>\n 40 – 60<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 10<\/td>\n AB Sodyum Buharl\u0131 Lambalar<\/td>\n Yok<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n \n
\ni\u00e7in ge\u00e7en s\u00fcredir.<\/p>\n\n\n
\n 1<\/td>\n \u0130nd\u00fcksiyon Lambalar\u0131<\/td>\n 60.000-100.000 h<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 2<\/td>\n LED Lambalar<\/td>\n 30.000-50.000 h<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 3<\/td>\n YB Sodyum Buharl\u0131 Lambalar<\/td>\n 14.000-18.000 h<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 4<\/td>\n Floresan Lambalar<\/td>\n 12.000-16.000 h<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 5<\/td>\n YB C\u0131va Buharl\u0131 Lambalar<\/td>\n 8.000-16.000 h<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 6<\/td>\n Kompakt Floresan Lambalar<\/td>\n 8.000-12.000 h<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 7<\/td>\n AB Sodyum Buharl\u0131 Lambalar<\/td>\n 12.000 h<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 8<\/td>\n Metal Halide Lambalar<\/td>\n 6.000-10.000 h<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 9<\/td>\n Halojen Lambalar<\/td>\n 2.000-4.000 h<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 10<\/td>\n Akkor Telli Lambalar<\/td>\n 1000 h<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n