{"id":2462,"date":"2019-07-04T21:56:02","date_gmt":"2019-07-04T18:56:02","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/mekanikelektriktesisat.com\/?p=2462"},"modified":"2019-07-04T21:56:02","modified_gmt":"2019-07-04T18:56:02","slug":"dba","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/benga.pro\/index.php\/2019\/07\/04\/dba\/","title":{"rendered":"dB(A)"},"content":{"rendered":"

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Bir gitar\u0131n telini s\u00fcrekli bas\u0131k tutsak ses \u00e7\u0131kar m\u0131? \u00c7\u0131kmaz. Peki bas\u0131nc\u0131 daha da artt\u0131rsak? Sonu\u00e7ta tel kopar ama yine ses \u00e7\u0131kmaz. Sesin \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bir titre\u015fim olmas\u0131 \u015fartt\u0131r. Teli \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bas\u0131n\u00e7 uygulayarak hafif\u00e7e titretsek bile ses olu\u015facakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Titre\u015fim deyince i\u015fin i\u00e7ine frekans ve genlik girer, sesin olmazsa olmaz 2 b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc vard\u0131r: Frekans ve genlik<\/p>\n

\"sesdalgasi\"<\/p>\n

Resim-1 (Sin\u00fcsoidal bir ses dalgas\u0131)<\/em><\/p>\n

Ses Nedir?<\/h4>\n

\u0130nternette biraz ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131nca ses hakk\u0131nda \u00e7ok g\u00fczel kaynaklara ula\u015fmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. Buraya t\u0131klayarak<\/a> ula\u015faca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z linkte ses hakk\u0131nda gayet g\u00fczel haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f bir videoya ula\u015fabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n

Ses, bir enerji iletimidir. Bir kaynakta \u00fcretilen enerji, i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu ortam\u0131n molek\u00fcllerini titre\u015ftirerek dalga halinde iletilir. Bu ortam hava, s\u0131v\u0131 yada kat\u0131 olabilir. Tabi ilk akla gelen hava olmaktad\u0131r. Bir ses dalgas\u0131 iletilirken molek\u00fcller sadece belli bir aral\u0131kta titre\u015fir. Yani bir molek\u00fcl sesin kayna\u011f\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p hedefe do\u011fru gitmez. \u00d6yle olsa zaten sesin ilk \u015fart\u0131 olan titre\u015fim ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmez, ses de olu\u015fmazd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ses ile ilgili tan\u0131mlara ge\u00e7meden \u00f6nce, baz\u0131 birimlerimizin ne anlama geldi\u011fini hat\u0131rlayal\u0131m: G\u00fcc\u00fcn birimi Watt (W)’d\u0131r.\u00a0Bir kilograml\u0131k bir k\u00fctleyi, bir saniyede, bir metre \u00f6teleyebilen g\u00fcce 1W denir. Bu esnada harcad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z enerji (yada yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z i\u015f) 1 joule (J) ‘d\u00fcr.\u00a0 Ayn\u0131 nesneye bir saniyede 1 m\/s h\u0131z verebilmek i\u00e7in uygulanmas\u0131 gereken kuvvete ise 1 Newton (N) denir.<\/p>\n

Ses G\u00fcc\u00fc ve Ses \u015eiddeti<\/h4>\n

Ses g\u00fcc\u00fc <\/strong>(P), bir kaynak taraf\u0131ndan t\u00fcm do\u011frultularda yay\u0131lan birim zamandaki ses enerjisidir (SI sisteminde birimi J \/ s veya W’d\u0131r.)<\/p>\n

Birim zamanda t\u00fcm do\u011frultularda yay\u0131lan enerjiyi de\u011fil de belli bir alan\u0131 esas al\u0131rsak ve bu alandan (A) ge\u00e7en enerjiyi de\u011ferlendirirsek o zaman ses \u015fiddeti<\/strong>nden (I) bahsediyor oluruz. Ses \u015fiddetinin birimi W \/ m2\u00a0<\/sup>‘dir. (Bazen ses \u015fiddeti yerine ses ye\u011finli\u011fi ifadesi de kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r)<\/p>\n

I = P \/ A\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130nsan kula\u011f\u0131n\u0131n alg\u0131layabilece\u011fi ses g\u00fcc\u00fc\u00a00.000000000001 W ile 100 W aras\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/span> Sesin tem<\/span>elde enerji dalgas\u0131 oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftik. Ama bu enerji seviyeleri \u00f6ylesine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr ki, insan bu kadar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck enerji seviyesiyle ses gibi m\u00fckemmel bir fiziksel olgunun nas\u0131l ger\u00e7ekle\u015febildi\u011fine hayret ediyor. Zaten ses, olu\u015fmak i\u00e7in y\u00fcksek enerji seviyelerine ihtiya\u00e7 du<\/span>ysayd\u0131 insan bir iki c\u00fcmle s\u00f6yledikten sonra maraton ko\u015fmu\u015f gibi soluk solu\u011fa kal\u0131rd\u0131 herhalde. Yada araban\u0131n radyosunda bir \u015fark\u0131 dinledikten sonra deponun yar\u0131s\u0131 biterdi. \u0130nsan kula\u011f\u0131 10<\/span>-12<\/sup>\u00a0W\/m<\/span>2\u00a0\u00a0<\/sup>ile 100 W\/m<\/span>2\u00a0<\/sup>aras\u0131ndaki ses \u015fiddetini alg\u0131lar. Ancak belirtelim ki 1\u00a0W\/m<\/span>2 <\/sup>ses i\u00e7in \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek bir seviyedir ve insan kula\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan tehlikeli b\u00f6lge ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1 saniye boyunca\u00a0 1W g\u00fcc\u00fcn verildi\u011fini varsayarsak m<\/span>2\u00a0<\/sup> ba\u015f\u0131na 1 j ses enerjisi yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f demektir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ses g\u00fcc\u00fc i\u00e7in ayr\u0131ca \u015fu form\u00fcl verilmektedir:<\/p>\n

\"formul1\"<\/p>\n

\n
\n
\n
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P : Ses g\u00fcc\u00fc (W)<\/p>\n

A: Alan (m2<\/sup>)<\/p>\n

p: Ses Bas\u0131nc\u0131 (Pa)<\/p>\n

\u03c1: Ortam\u0131n yo\u011funlu\u011fu (kg\/m3<\/sup>)<\/p>\n

c: Ses H\u0131z\u0131 (m\/s)<\/p>\n

\u03b8\u00a0: Sesin yay\u0131lma y\u00f6n\u00fc ve y\u00fczeyin normali aras\u0131ndaki a\u00e7\u0131<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Ses Bas\u0131nc\u0131<\/h4>\n

Ses, molek\u00fcllerin titre\u015fimi marifetiyle kula\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda bas\u0131n\u00e7 de\u011fi\u015fimleri meydana getirir. Yani i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu ortam\u0131n bas\u0131nc\u0131nda bir miktar de\u011fi\u015fiklik olur. \u00d6rne\u011fin bu ortam hava ise atmosferik hava bas\u0131nc\u0131 art\u0131 yada eksi y\u00f6nde bir miktar titre\u015fir. Bu bas\u0131n\u00e7 de\u011fi\u015fimleri kula\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda uyar\u0131mlar meydana getirir ve sesi duymam\u0131z sa\u011flan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u03c1\u00a0=\u00a01.2\u00a0kg\u22c5m\u22123<\/sup><\/span>\u00a0c<\/i>\u00a0=\u00a0343\u00a0m\u22c5s\u22121<\/sup><\/span>\u00a0olmak \u00fczere\u00a0\u00a0A<\/i>\u00a0=\u00a01\u00a0m2<\/sup><\/span>\u00a0alandan, alan\u0131n normaliyle ses iletim y\u00f6n\u00fc aras\u0131ndaki a\u00e7\u0131 \u03b8<\/i>\u00a0= 0\u00b0 \u015fekilde ge\u00e7en \u00a00.000000000001 W ve 100W g\u00fc\u00e7lerindeki 2\u00a0<\/span>ses dalgas\u0131n\u0131n yarataca\u011f\u0131 ses bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131 bulal\u0131m: (ki bu g\u00fc\u00e7ler yukar\u0131da da belirtti\u011fimiz gibi insan kula\u011f\u0131n\u0131n duyabilece\u011fi an alt ve en \u00fcst ses g\u00fc\u00e7leridir)<\/p>\n

\"formul2\"<\/p>\n

Buradan \u00e7\u0131kan sonu\u00e7lara g\u00f6re insan kula\u011f\u0131 minimum 20,28\u00a0 \u00b5Pa\u00a0 ile 202,88Pa aras\u0131ndaki ses bas\u0131n\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 alg\u0131layabilir. K\u00fcsuratlar\u0131 atarsak\u00a0 insan kula\u011f\u0131 20×10-6<\/sup>\u00a0 Pa ile 200Pa aras\u0131ndaki bas\u0131n\u00e7lara duyarl\u0131d\u0131r diyebiliriz.(1 Pa=1 N\/m2\u00a0<\/sup>)<\/p>\n

(20\u00b5Pa ila 200.000.000\u00b5Pa ….. Alt ve \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131r aras\u0131nda 10.000.000 kat fark var!)<\/p>\n

Normal bir konu\u015fma esnas\u0131nda 0,02 Pa ses bas\u0131nc\u0131 olu\u015fur. Di\u011fer taraftan sessiz bir ortamda bir yaprak h\u0131\u015f\u0131rt\u0131s\u0131 0,000065 Pa ses bas\u0131nc\u0131 olu\u015fturur. Trafik g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcs\u00fc 0,2Pa , jet motoru 20Pa , daha da y\u00fcksek sesler ise 200Pa olmaktad\u0131r ki art\u0131k kula\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 tehdit alt\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Atmosferik bas\u0131nc\u0131n 100.000Pa (Asl\u0131nda 101.325Pa) oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrsek insan kula\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 100000,000002Pa l\u0131k bas\u0131n\u00e7 dalgalanmas\u0131n\u0131 bile hissetmesi ger\u00e7ekten hayret vericidir.\u00a0 Bununla ilgili olarak a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki grafi\u011fe bakal\u0131m. Deniz k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda bir \u015fehirde, mesela \u0130stanbul’da g\u00fcn i\u00e7erisinde hava bas\u0131nc\u0131 10-15 Pa de\u011fi\u015fiklik g\u00f6sterebilir. Bu aral\u0131kta hava bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131n grafi\u011fi \u015f\u00f6yle olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"sesdalgasi3\" Resim-2 (Hava Bas\u0131nc\u0131 E\u011frisi)<\/em><\/p>\n

D\u00fcz bir \u00e7izgi olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcnen bu grafi\u011fi biraz zumlayal\u0131m:<\/p>\n

\"sesdalgasi4\"<\/p>\n

Resim-3 (Hava Bas\u0131nc\u0131 ve Ses Bas\u0131nc\u0131)<\/em><\/p>\n

Zumlay\u0131nca , az \u00f6nce d\u00fcz bir bas\u0131n\u00e7 \u00e7izgisi g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz grafi\u011fin asl\u0131nda bir konu\u015fma seviyesinde ses dalgas\u0131 i\u00e7erdi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr. K\u0131sa bir sessiz bir ortam olmu\u015f ve bir s\u00fcre sonra konu\u015fma seviyesinde ses bas\u0131nc\u0131 dalgalanmas\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.\u00a0 \u00d6rne\u011fimizde, bas\u0131n\u00e7 seviyesinin sadece 0,02Pa gibi olduk\u00e7a k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir mertebede de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fine dikkat edelim.<\/p>\n

DesiBel (dB)<\/h4>\n

Yukar\u0131da verdi\u011fimiz rakamlardan ses konusunda \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck rakamlar ve \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck rakamlarla ayn\u0131 anda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmakta oldu\u011fumuzu fark etmi\u015fsinizdir. E\u011fer b\u00f6yle bir geni\u015f aral\u0131kta \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorsak i\u015flemlerin kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ad\u0131na desiBel kavram\u0131 geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Yukar\u0131da da de\u011findi\u011fimiz gibi insan kula\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ses bas\u0131nc\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan i\u015fitme alt ve \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda 10 milyon kat vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1876 y\u0131l\u0131nda telefonun Alexander Graham Bell taraf\u0131ndan icad\u0131yla ve akabinde yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131yla birlikte telefon iletim hatlar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki sinyal kay\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131 ifade etmek i\u00e7in telefon \u015firketleri 1927 y\u0131l\u0131nda desiBel kavram\u0131 \u00fczerinde uzla\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. “Bel” ifadesi Graham Bell’e atfen kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bel, bir b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn referans bir b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011fe oran\u0131n 10 taban\u0131na g\u00f6re logaritmas\u0131n\u0131 veren boyutsuz, birimsiz bir b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckt\u00fcr. Bu b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn 10 kat\u0131na ise\u00a0 desiBel denir. “Desi” ifadesi t\u0131pk\u0131 desimetre, desilitrede oldu\u011fu gibi kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yani 1 metre 10 desimetre oldu\u011fu gibi 1 Bel de 10 desiBel’dir.<\/p>\n

Watt i\u00e7in W, Amper i\u00e7in A, Volt i\u00e7in V de oldu\u011fu gibi \u00f6zel isimlerden gelen birimlerde b\u00fcy\u00fck harf kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zdan desiBel yaz\u0131m\u0131 do\u011fru olacakt\u0131r. K\u0131salt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f\u0131 ise dB ‘dir.<\/p>\n

Birimsiz bir kavram olan desiBel ne ses bas\u0131nc\u0131d\u0131r ne de ses g\u00fcc\u00fcd\u00fcr. Sadece bu b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fcklerin referans b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne g\u00f6re durumunu veren bir seviyedir, d\u00fczeydir. Bu nedenle dB ile ifade edilirken ses bas\u0131nc\u0131 i\u00e7in ses bas\u0131nc\u0131 seviyesi<\/strong>, ses g\u00fcc\u00fc i\u00e7in ses g\u00fcc\u00fc seviyesi<\/strong> ifadeleri kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ses G\u00fcc\u00fc Seviyesi (SWL – Sound Power Level)\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

P : Ses g\u00fcc\u00fc (W)<\/p>\n

Po<\/sub> :<\/sup> Referans ses g\u00fcc\u00fc (W) (Po<\/sub> =1×10-12<\/sup> W)<\/p>\n

olmak \u00fczere P g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc Po<\/sub>\u00a0referans g\u00fcc\u00fcne oran\u0131n\u0131n logaritmas\u0131n\u0131n 10 kat\u0131 dB cinsinden Ses G\u00fcc\u00fc Seviyesini verecektir.<\/p>\n

\"formul3\"<\/p>\n

Yukar\u0131da g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi kula\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ve en y\u00fcksek ses g\u00fcc\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 form\u00fclde yerine koyarsak kula\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n 0dB ila 140dB aras\u0131ndaki seslere duyarl\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz.<\/p>\n

Ses Bas\u0131nc\u0131 Seviyesi (SPL – Sound Pressure Level)\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Yukar\u0131da yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z i\u015flemleri ses bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak da yapabiliriz:<\/p>\n

p : Ses bas\u0131nc\u0131 (Pa)<\/p>\n

po<\/sub> :<\/sup> Referans ses bas\u0131nc\u0131 (Pa) (po<\/sub> =20×10-6<\/sup>\u00a0Pa)<\/p>\n

\"formul4\"<\/p>\n

Ses g\u00fcc\u00fc seviyesinde oldu\u011fu gibi yine 0dB ila 140dB de\u011ferlerine ula\u015f\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\n

Peki ses g\u00fcc\u00fc ve ses bas\u0131nc\u0131 ayn\u0131 de\u011ferleri veriyorsa niye ayr\u0131 iki b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fck var?<\/p>\n

Ses G\u00fcc\u00fc m\u00fc ? Ses Bas\u0131nc\u0131 m\u0131?<\/h4>\n

Ses bir kaynaktan 3 boyutta yay\u0131l\u0131r. Yeterince a\u00e7\u0131k alansa ve sesin yans\u0131mas\u0131, yutulmas\u0131 gibi durumlar yoksa sesin k\u00fcre halinde yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebiliriz.<\/p>\n

Sesin g\u00fcc\u00fc, kaynaktaki g\u00fcc\u00fcd\u00fcr. Mesafeyle, ortam\u0131n tipiyle, yo\u011funlu\u011fuyla vs. de\u011fi\u015fmez. T\u0131pk\u0131 bir ampul\u00fcn 100W olmas\u0131 gibi. Ampul\u00fcn g\u00fcc\u00fc 100W’d\u0131r. Ampul her daim 100W harcayarak \u0131\u015f\u0131k \u00fcretmektedir. Ama bu \u0131\u015f\u0131k kaynaktan uzakla\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a zay\u0131flar. Ses dalgas\u0131 da b\u00f6yledir. Ses kayna\u011f\u0131 belli bir g\u00fc\u00e7 harcayarak bir ses dalgas\u0131 \u00fcretir. Bu g\u00fc\u00e7 zamanla yada mesafeyle de\u011fi\u015fmez. Ses dalgas\u0131 her y\u00f6ne bu kaynaktan yay\u0131lmaya ba\u015flar. Fakat ses dalgas\u0131 kaynaktan uzakla\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a zay\u0131flamaya ba\u015flar. \u0130\u015fte mesafeye ba\u011fl\u0131 olan, hatta ortam\u0131n tipine, yo\u011funlu\u011funa, geli\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olan b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fck ses bas\u0131nc\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Biz yukar\u0131daki \u00f6rneklerde A=1m2 ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z i\u00e7in ses g\u00fcc\u00fc ve ses bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak hep ayn\u0131 sonu\u00e7lara ula\u015ft\u0131k. Ama kaynaktan uzakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda ses g\u00fcc\u00fc sabit kalmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen ses bas\u0131nc\u0131 azalacakt\u0131r, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc alan artacakt\u0131r. Bunu a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki resmi inceleyerek anlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fal\u0131m:<\/p>\n

\"ses2\"<\/p>\n

Resimde ortada bir ses kayna\u011f\u0131 vard\u0131r. Bu kaynak sadece bir tek ses dalgas\u0131 yaym\u0131\u015f olsun. Dalgan\u0131n ilerleyi\u015fini k\u00fcre bi\u00e7iminde oldu\u011funu unutmayal\u0131m. Ayr\u0131ca her bir t an\u0131 i\u00e7in ses dalgas\u0131n\u0131n ilerleyi\u015fi resmedilmi\u015ftir. t0 an\u0131nda ses dalgas\u0131 kaynaktan r0 kadar uzakta, t1 an\u0131nda r1 kadar, t2 an\u0131nda da r2 kadar uzaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

K\u00fcrenin alan\u0131 A=4\u03c0r2<\/sup> <\/strong>dir.<\/p>\n

E\u011fer bu bizi ilgilendiren alan k\u00fcrenin t\u00fcm alan\u0131 de\u011fil de \u00d8 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n tarad\u0131\u011f\u0131 alan ise<\/p>\n

n=360\/\u00d8<\/strong> olmak \u00fczere<\/p>\n

A=4\u03c0r2<\/sup>\u00a0\/ n\u00a0<\/strong>dir. (Zaten n=1 kabul edersek k\u00fcrenin tamam\u0131n\u0131 hesaba katm\u0131\u015f oluruz.)<\/p>\n

Buna g\u00f6re her A0 <\/sub>A1 <\/sub>ve A2<\/sub> alanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u015f\u00f6yle bulabiliriz<\/p>\n

\"formul5\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Alanlar aras\u0131nda yar\u0131\u00e7ap\u0131n karesiyle de\u011fi\u015fen bir orant\u0131 oldu\u011fu hemen dikkati \u00e7ekmektedir.<\/p>\n

\"formul6\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Ses \u015fiddeti (I) birim alandan ge\u00e7en g\u00fc\u00e7 miktar\u0131 idi.<\/p>\n

\"formul7\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Bu ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131lardan ses \u015fiddetinin de yar\u0131\u00e7aplar\u0131n kareleriyle ters orant\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir.<\/p>\n

Biraz daha ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 ilerletelim ve ses bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fin i\u00e7ine sokal\u0131m:<\/p>\n

\"formul8\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Buradan da ses bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131n yar\u0131\u00e7ap ile ters orant\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fu sonucuna ula\u015f\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu hesaplar\u0131 biraz da dB cinsinden yapal\u0131m:<\/p>\n

E\u011fer r2 = 2. r1<\/strong> olursa, yani aradaki mesafe 2 kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131karsa p2= 2 . p1<\/strong> olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"formul9\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Mesafe 2 kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nca SPL, 6dB artmaktad\u0131r. Ya da tersine mesafe yar\u0131s\u0131na inince 6dB azalmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Asl\u0131nda dB kavram\u0131yla toplama \u00e7\u0131karma yapmak dikkat gerektirir, ancak yukar\u0131da yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u015fekliyle yap\u0131l\u0131rsa\u00a0 m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Aksi halde 40dB SPL ile 60dB SPL de\u011ferlerini basit\u00e7e toplan\u0131p 100dB bulunmaz!!! Bu konuya ileride de\u011finece\u011fiz.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u015eimdi tekrar ayn\u0131 soruyu sorarsak: Ses g\u00fcc\u00fc m\u00fc ses bas\u0131nc\u0131 m\u0131?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ses bas\u0131nc\u0131 \u00f6nemlidir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bizi ilgilendiren \u015fey ne kadar duydu\u011fumuzdur. Muhtemelen kaynakla aram\u0131zda bir mesafe vard\u0131r. Ses g\u00fcc\u00fc hep ayn\u0131 kalmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, ses bas\u0131nc\u0131 aram\u0131zdaki mesafeyle orant\u0131l\u0131 olarak zay\u0131flayacakt\u0131r ve i\u015fitti\u011fimiz sesin \u015fiddeti daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olacakt\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fumuz ortamda havan\u0131n yo\u011funlu\u011fu bile bu olayda etkili olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu nedenle ekipman \u00fcreticileri, \u00f6rne\u011fin klima santrali, fancoil, chiller, vb., teknik f\u00f6ylerinde hep ses g\u00fcc\u00fc seviyesini verirler ve b\u00f6yle verilmesi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde de d\u00fczenleme vard\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bizim i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli olan mesafeyi bilemezler, i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fumuz ortam\u0131n yo\u011funlu\u011funu bilemezler, ses yutucu yans\u0131t\u0131c\u0131 y\u00fczeylerin durumunu bilemezler vs. Ayr\u0131ca k\u00f6t\u00fc niyetli \u00fcreticiler ses bas\u0131nc\u0131 seviyesini uzak mesafeleri esas al\u0131p d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck verip t\u00fcketicinin yan\u0131lmas\u0131na sebep olabilirler. Ses bas\u0131nc\u0131 seviyesi kullan\u0131c\u0131lar i\u00e7in \u00f6nemlidir, ses g\u00fcc\u00fc seviyesi de \u00fcreticiler i\u00e7in…<\/p>\n

Normal ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda ses bas\u0131nc\u0131 seviyesini \u00f6l\u00e7ebiliriz ama ses g\u00fcc\u00fc seviyesini \u00f6l\u00e7emeyiz. Ses g\u00fcc\u00fc seviyesini \u00fcreticiler \u00f6zel teknik f\u00f6ylerde verirlerse biliriz. Onlar da zaten ses g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc \u00f6zel ses laboratuvarlar\u0131nda \u00f6zel \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda tespit edebilirler. Ses g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc bildi\u011fimiz bir ekipman\u0131n istedi\u011fimiz uzakl\u0131ktaki ses bas\u0131nc\u0131 seviyesini a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki form\u00fcl ile bulabiliriz.<\/p>\n

\"formul10\"<\/p>\n

Bu form\u00fclde Q b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kayna\u011f\u0131n konumu ile ilgilidir.A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki resimde g\u00f6sterildi\u011fi gibi e\u011fer ses kayna\u011f\u0131 olan cihaz tavanda as\u0131l\u0131 ile ses dalgalar\u0131 bir k\u00fcre olarak her y\u00f6ne da\u011f\u0131lacakt\u0131r. Bu durumda Q=1 olacakt\u0131r. E\u011fer cihaz d\u00f6\u015femenin \u00fcst\u00fcndeyse bu durumda bir yar\u0131m k\u00fcre i\u00e7inde ses dalgalar\u0131 da\u011f\u0131lacakt\u0131r. Bu durumda Q=2 olacakt\u0131r. Benzer \u015fekilde cihaz duvar dibindeyse \u00e7eyrek k\u00fcre s\u00f6z konusudur ve Q=4’d\u00fcr, cihaz odan\u0131n k\u00f6\u015fesindeyse k\u00fcresinin 8’de biri s\u00f6z konudur ve Q=8’dir.<\/p>\n

\"resim1\"<\/p>\n

Bir \u00f6rnek yapal\u0131m: Ses g\u00fcc\u00fc seviyesi SWL=72dB olan bir klima santralinden 5m \u00f6tede SPL ne olacakt\u0131r. Klima santrali d\u00f6\u015femede a\u00e7\u0131k vaziyette durmaktad\u0131r. Yani Q=2’dir.<\/p>\n

\"formul11\"\u00a0Klima santralinden 5m uzakl\u0131kta ses bas\u0131n\u00e7 seviyesi 50dB olmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\n

dB(A)<\/h3>\n

\u0130nsan kula\u011f\u0131 20Hz ile 20.000Hz aras\u0131ndaki sesleri i\u015fitebilir. Ama bu aral\u0131ktaki her sesi oldu\u011fu \u015fiddetiyle alg\u0131lamaz. Kula\u011f\u0131m\u0131z orta frekanslara daha hassast\u0131r, bu frekans
\naral\u0131\u011f\u0131 ise 500 Hz ile 4000 Hz aral\u0131\u011f\u0131ndad\u0131r ki asl\u0131nda bu konu\u015fma frekans\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130nsan, \u00f6zellikle bu aral\u0131\u011f\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki frekanslardaki sesleri oldu\u011fundan farkl\u0131 alg\u0131lar. Mesela 1000Hz de 50dB olarak duydu\u011fumuz sesle ayn\u0131 etki yaratacak 100Hz frekanstaki ses 60dB olmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130\u015fte insan kula\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bu hassasiyetini g\u00f6steren e\u011frileri bir tak\u0131m deneyler sonucu 1933 y\u0131l\u0131nda Fletcher-Munson isimli 2 bilim insan\u0131 ortaya koymu\u015ftur. Literat\u00fcre Fletcher-Munson e\u011frileri olarak ge\u00e7en bu grafik a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da verilmi\u015ftir:<\/p>\n

\"Fletcher_Munson_Egrileri\"<\/p>\n

Bu e\u011fri, e\u015fg\u00fcrl\u00fck e\u011frisi, e\u015f y\u00fckselti e\u011frisi diye de ge\u00e7mektedir. E\u011friden 1000Hz frekanstaki bir sesin yarataca\u011f\u0131 alg\u0131n\u0131n ayn\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmas\u0131 i\u00e7in ba\u015fka bir frekanstaki sesin ka\u00e7 dB olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir. 1000Hz’de 40dB SPL ile ayn\u0131 alg\u0131y\u0131 20Hz ‘de hissetmemiz i\u00e7in 92dB SPL olmas\u0131 gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi insan kula\u011f\u0131n\u0131n hassasiyeti gibi do\u011fal bir ger\u00e7ek var. Ses dalgalar\u0131n\u0131n ses bas\u0131n\u00e7 seviyelerini tespit edip \u00f6ylece b\u0131rakmam\u0131z pek do\u011fru say\u0131lmaz.\u00a0\u0130nsan kula\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bu sesi nas\u0131l alg\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da tespit etmemiz gerekir<\/span>. Bu nedenle A, B, C, Z gibi filtreler, a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Bunlar aras\u0131nda en yayg\u0131n\u0131 A a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olan\u0131d\u0131r. Bu filtreden ge\u00e7irilerek verilen ses bas\u0131n\u00e7 seviyeleri <\/span>dB(A)<\/strong>\u00a0 olarak ifade edilir. Di\u011fer filtrelerden ge\u00e7irilince de s\u0131ras\u0131yla ifade dB(B), dB(C), dB(Z) olur.<\/span><\/p>\n

A a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 i\u00e7in baz olarak otoritelerce Fletcher -Munson e\u011frisinin 40dB e\u011frisi al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu arada 40dB e\u011frisinin dalgal\u0131 hali daha d\u00fcz bir e\u011friye evrilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\"dba1\"<\/p>\n

Bundan sonras\u0131n\u0131, bir \u00f6rnek vererek incelemeye ge\u00e7meden \u00f6nce yukar\u0131daki grafikte k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 ile g\u00f6sterdi\u011fimiz A e\u011frisinin 40dB do\u011frusu ile her bir frekanstaki mesafesi bulal\u0131m:<\/p>\n

\"dba2\"<\/p>\n

G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi, 31,5Hz frekans\u0131nda bir ses bas\u0131nc\u0131\/g\u00fcc\u00fc seviyesini kula\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n alg\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi belirtmek i\u00e7in 39,4dB eksiltmemiz laz\u0131md\u0131r. Benzer \u015fekilde 63 Hz i\u00e7in 26,2dB eksiltmemiz gerekecektir. Bunu bir tablo olarak verirsek:<\/p>\n\n\n<\/colgroup>\n\n\n\n
31,5 Hz<\/td>\n63 Hz<\/td>\n125 Hz<\/td>\n250 Hz<\/td>\n500 Hz<\/td>\n1000 Hz<\/td>\n2000 Hz<\/td>\n4000 Hz<\/td>\n8000 Hz<\/td>\n16000Hz<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-39,4<\/td>\n-26,2<\/td>\n-16,1<\/td>\n-8,6<\/td>\n-3,2<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n+1,2<\/td>\n+1,0<\/td>\n-1,1<\/td>\n-6,6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

(dB de\u011ferinden dB(A) de\u011ferine ge\u00e7mek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan de\u011ferler tablosu)<\/em><\/p>\n

A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da bir klima santraline ait ses g\u00fcc\u00fc seviyeleri hem dB hem de dB(A) olarak verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\"sesler2\"<\/p>\n

\u015eimdi dB olarak verilen ses g\u00fcc\u00fc seviyelerini yukar\u0131daki verdi\u011fimiz ekleme ve \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131mlar\u0131 yaparak , frekans\u0131na g\u00f6re tek tek i\u015fleyelim ve dB(A) de\u011ferlerine ula\u015facak m\u0131y\u0131z g\u00f6relim.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/colgroup>\n\n\n\n\n\n
f<\/td>\n63 Hz<\/td>\n125 Hz<\/td>\n250 Hz<\/td>\n500 Hz<\/td>\n1000 Hz<\/td>\n2000 Hz<\/td>\n4000 Hz<\/td>\n8000 Hz<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
dB<\/td>\n68<\/td>\n65<\/td>\n66<\/td>\n73<\/td>\n61<\/td>\n63<\/td>\n63<\/td>\n58<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\n-26,2<\/td>\n-16,1<\/td>\n-8,6<\/td>\n-3,2<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n+1,2<\/td>\n+1,0<\/td>\n-1,1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
dB(A)<\/td>\n41,8<\/td>\n48,9<\/td>\n57,4<\/td>\n69,8<\/td>\n61<\/td>\n64,2<\/td>\n64<\/td>\n56,9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

dB(A) sat\u0131r\u0131nda ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 klima santrali teknik f\u00f6y\u00fcnde verilen dB(A) de\u011ferleri ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda birbirleriyle \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Yani yukar\u0131da anlat\u0131lan y\u00f6ntem ile dB olarak verilen ses bas\u0131nc\u0131\/g\u00fcc\u00fc seviyesini kullanarak dB(A) ifadesine ge\u00e7mek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. dB(A) ifadesindeki A harfi i\u00e7in genellikle “Average” yak\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131p “Ortalama ses d\u00fczeyi” gibi ifadeler kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ama g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi ger\u00e7ekte bir ortalama s\u00f6z konusu de\u011fildir. A harfi de “Average” dan gelmemekte oldu\u011fu gibi her hangi bir \u015feyin k\u0131saltmas\u0131 da de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

dB(A) de\u011ferlerini bulmak i\u00e7in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z i\u015flemlerin benzerini dB(C) de\u011ferlerini bulmak i\u00e7in de yapabiliriz. dB(A) de\u011ferleri daha orta frekanstaki seslerin de\u011ferlendirilmesinde kullan\u0131l\u0131rken d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ve y\u00fcksek frekanstaki sesler i\u00e7in dB(C) tercih edilir. Bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan B, Z a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131 da vard\u0131r ama yayg\u0131n de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/colgroup>\n\n\n\n
31,5 Hz<\/td>\n63 Hz<\/td>\n125 Hz<\/td>\n250 Hz<\/td>\n500 Hz<\/td>\n1000 Hz<\/td>\n2000 Hz<\/td>\n4000 Hz<\/td>\n8000 Hz<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-3<\/td>\n-0.8<\/td>\n-0.2<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n-0.2<\/td>\n-0.8<\/td>\n-3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

(dB de\u011ferinden dB(C) de\u011ferine ge\u00e7mek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan de\u011ferler tablosu)<\/em><\/p>\n

Neden sesler frekans band\u0131nda ifade ediliyor?<\/h4>\n

Ses dalgas\u0131 saf bir sin\u00fczoidal dalga halinde pek bulunmaz. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki resimde bir\u00a0 sin\u00fczoidal bir ses dalgas\u0131 ile ger\u00e7ekte s\u0131k kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan bir ses dalgas\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\"ses8.PNG\"<\/p>\n

Sin\u00fczoidal bir dalgay\u0131 basit\u00e7e bir sin\u00fcs fonksiyonu verip ifade edebilirsiniz. Ama olduk\u00e7a karma\u015f\u0131k genlik ve frekanslardan olu\u015fan ses dalgas\u0131n\u0131 basit bir fonksiyonla ifade etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Onun yerine matematiksel olarak Fourier analizi yaparak kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k yap\u0131daki ses dalgas\u0131, belli say\u0131 ve frekansta sin\u00fczoidal ses dalgalar\u0131n\u0131n toplam\u0131 \u015feklinde verilir. Bunu ifade etmenin en basit yolu da oktav band\u0131 i\u00e7inde her bir frekansa tekab\u00fcl eden ses g\u00fcc\u00fc\/bas\u0131nc\u0131 seviyesini vermektir. B\u00f6ylece ses dalgalar\u0131 \u00fczerinde matematiksel i\u015flemler yapmak, arad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z sonu\u00e7lara ula\u015fmak kolay olmaktad\u0131r. Bu sebeple ses a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6neme sahip ekipmanlar\u0131n kataloglar\u0131nda hep \u015funa benzer tablolar g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr:<\/p>\n

\"ses9.PNG\"<\/p>\n

E\u011fer her bir frekanstaki genlik de\u011ferlerini kullanarak sin\u00fcs e\u011frileri \u00e7izdirirseniz ve bu e\u011frileri toplarsan\u0131z yukar\u0131daki karma\u015f\u0131k ses dalgas\u0131na benzer bir dalga yap\u0131s\u0131 g\u00f6receksinizdir. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da buna ili\u015fkin bir \u00f6rnek verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\"ses10.PNG\"<\/p>\n

Yukar\u0131da i\u015faretleri verilmi\u015f her biri ayr\u0131 frekanstaki sin\u00fcs dalgalar\u0131 toplanm\u0131\u015f ve a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki ses dalgas\u0131 olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

\"ses11.PNG\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Toplam dB de\u011ferini bulmak<\/h4>\n

\u0130ster dB olsun ister dB(A) olsun toplama \u00e7\u0131karma yaparken logaritmik de\u011ferlerle u\u011fra\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 unutmamam\u0131z laz\u0131md\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Biraz \u00f6nce yukar\u0131da verdi\u011fimiz tablodaki dB cinsindeki ses g\u00fcc\u00fc seviyelerini \u00f6rnek olsun diye toplayal\u0131m ve hakikaten tablonun en sa\u011f\u0131nda verilmi\u015f olan toplam dB de\u011ferine ula\u015fabiliyor muyuz g\u00f6relim:<\/p>\n

Yapaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u015fey asl\u0131nda her bir frekans i\u00e7in verilen Lw de\u011ferinin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k geldi\u011fi P de\u011ferini a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki form\u00fcl\u00fc kullanarak bulmak, sonran t\u00fcm P de\u011ferlerini basit\u00e7e toplayarak tek bir Pt de\u011ferine ula\u015fmak ve yine ayn\u0131 form\u00fcl\u00fc kullanarak toplam LwT de\u011ferini bulmakt\u0131r. Ama \u00f6rne\u011fimizde dB cinsinden verilen ses g\u00fcc\u00fc seviyelerinin toplam\u0131 dB(A) cinsinden istendi\u011fi i\u00e7in arada dB – dB(A) d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc yapmam\u0131z da gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n

\"frml1.PNG\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\n<\/td>\n125 Hz<\/td>\n250 Hz<\/td>\n500 Hz<\/td>\n1000 Hz<\/td>\n2000 Hz<\/td>\n4000 Hz<\/td>\n8000 Hz<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1<\/td>\ndB<\/td>\n70<\/td>\n66<\/td>\n67<\/td>\n55<\/td>\n52<\/td>\n37<\/td>\n34<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2<\/td>\nf(dBA)<\/td>\n-16,1<\/td>\n-8,6<\/td>\n-3,2<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n1,2<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n-1,1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3<\/td>\ndB(A)<\/td>\n53,9<\/td>\n57,4<\/td>\n63,8<\/td>\n55<\/td>\n53,2<\/td>\n38<\/td>\n32,9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4<\/td>\ndB to B<\/td>\n5,39<\/td>\n5,74<\/td>\n6,38<\/td>\n5,5<\/td>\n5,32<\/td>\n3,8<\/td>\n3,29<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5<\/td>\nW<\/td>\n245.471<\/td>\n549.541<\/td>\n2398833<\/td>\n316.228<\/td>\n208.930<\/td>\n6.310<\/td>\n1.950<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6<\/td>\nPo(W)<\/td>\n1x\u00a010-12<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n1x\u00a010-12<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n1x\u00a010-12<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n1x\u00a010-12<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n1x\u00a010-12<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n1x\u00a010-12<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n1x\u00a010-12<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7<\/td>\nP(W)<\/td>\n2,4x10-7<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n5,5x10-7<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n2,4x10-6<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n3,1x10-7<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n2,1x10-7<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n6,3x10-9<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n1,9x10-9<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8<\/td>\nPtotal<\/td>\n3,72x\u00a010-6<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9<\/td>\nPo(W)<\/td>\n1x\u00a010-12<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10<\/td>\nPt\/Po<\/td>\n3.727.261<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
11<\/td>\nLog<\/td>\n6,6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12<\/td>\n10 Log<\/td>\n66<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Tablonun 1. sat\u0131r\u0131nda ekipman katalo\u011funda dB cinsinden verilmi\u015f olan ses g\u00fcc\u00fc seviyeleri vard\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n toplam\u0131 dB(A) cinsinden bulunacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

2.sat\u0131rda dB den dB(A) de\u011ferine ge\u00e7mek i\u00e7in gereken ve yukar\u0131daki b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerde anlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm yap\u0131lmakta, 1. sat\u0131rdaki dB de\u011ferlerinin dB(A) kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131na 3. sat\u0131rda ula\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

4. sat\u0131rda basit\u00e7e dB de\u011ferini 10’a b\u00f6lerek B de\u011ferine ge\u00e7ilmektedir . 5. sat\u0131rda 10’un bu de\u011ferlerdeki kuvveti al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

6 . sat\u0131rda 1x\u00a010-12<\/sup>\u00a0W referans g\u00fc\u00e7 de\u011feri verilmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n

7. sat\u0131rda 5 ve 6. sat\u0131rlar birbirleriyle \u00e7arp\u0131larak her bir frekans\u0131n P de\u011feri bulunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

8.sat\u0131rda t\u00fcm frekanslara ait P de\u011ferleri basit\u00e7e toplanarak tek bir toplam P de\u011ferine ula\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

9. sat\u0131rda yine referans g\u00fc\u00e7 de\u011feri\u00a0 1x\u00a010-12<\/sup>\u00a0W verilmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n

10.sat\u0131rda toplam P de\u011feri referans P de\u011ferine b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

11. sat\u0131rda bulunan de\u011ferin 10 taban\u0131nda logaritmas\u0131 al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

12. sat\u0131rda ise 10 ile \u00e7arp\u0131larak toplam dB(A) de\u011feri bulunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z 66 dB(A) de\u011feri ile ekipman\u0131n katalo\u011funda verilen A a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 toplam ses g\u00fcc\u00fc seviyesini bulmu\u015f oluyoruz.<\/p>\n

Ses Bas\u0131n\u00e7\/G\u00fc\u00e7 Seviye De\u011ferleri ka\u00e7 dB olmal\u0131?<\/h4>\n

\u00d6ncelikle pratikte ka\u00e7 dB ses bas\u0131nc\u0131 seviyesinin hangi ses kayna\u011f\u0131na tekab\u00fcl etti\u011fini a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki tablodan g\u00f6relim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
SES SEV\u0130YES\u0130 (dB)<\/td>\n\u00a0\u00a0B\u0130L\u0130NEN SESLER<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
0 dB<\/td>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u0130nsan kula\u011f\u0131n\u0131n duyabilece\u011fi en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ses<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
30 dB<\/td>\n\u00a0\u00a0F\u0131s\u0131lt\u0131, sessiz konu\u015fma<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
50 dB<\/td>\n\u00a0\u00a0Ya\u011fmur d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, sessiz ofis, buzdolab\u0131, havaland\u0131rma<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
60 dB<\/td>\n\u00a0\u00a0Bula\u015f\u0131k makinesi, diki\u015f makinesi, normal bir konu\u015fma.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
70 dB<\/td>\n\u00a0\u00a0Yo\u011fun trafik, vakum temizleyici, sa\u00e7 kurutma makinesi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
80 dB<\/td>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00c7alar saat, metro, fabrika g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcs\u00fc<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
90 dB<\/td>\n\u00a0\u00a0T\u0131ra\u015f makinesi, kamyon trafi\u011fi, \u00e7im bi\u00e7me makinesi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
100 dB<\/td>\n\u00a0\u00a0Kar arac\u0131, \u00e7\u00f6p kamyonu, m\u00fczik seti<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
110 dB<\/td>\n\u00a0\u00a0Rock konseri, elektrikli testere<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
120 dB<\/td>\n\u00a0\u00a0U\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n havalan\u0131\u015f\u0131, gece kul\u00fcb\u00fc<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
130 dB<\/td>\n\u00a0\u00a0Delici \u00e7eki\u00e7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
140 dB<\/td>\n\u00a0\u00a0Av t\u00fcfe\u011fi, hava h\u00fccum uyar\u0131 sistemi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
180 dB<\/td>\n\u00a0\u00a0Roket f\u0131rlat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Bu tabloda \u00e7e\u015fitli ses kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n ka\u00e7 dB seviyesinde ses \u00fcretti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Fakat uygulamada bize gereken \u015fey i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fumuz ortamdaki ses seviyesinin y\u00f6netmeliklerde ve standartlarda belirtilen s\u0131n\u0131rlar i\u00e7inde olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Montaj\u0131n\u0131 yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ekipman\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 esnas\u0131nda ne seviyede ses \u00fcretti\u011fini kataloglar\u0131nda oktav band\u0131nda her bir frekans i\u00e7in dB de\u011feri verilerek g\u00f6sterilmektedir. Buradan bir toplam al\u0131p dB(A) cinsinden \u00fcretece\u011fi toplam seviyeyi bulur, kriter ses seviyemizin alt\u0131nda kal\u0131p kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na bakar\u0131z. E\u011fer \u00fcst\u00fcndeyse, m\u00fcmk\u00fcnse ba\u015fka bir cihaza bakar\u0131z m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011filse baz\u0131 ses yal\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 tedbirleri al\u0131r\u0131z.<\/p>\n

Hesaba dayanarak yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bu montaj\u0131n pratikteki etkisinin ne oldu\u011funu da montaj sonras\u0131 do\u011frulamam\u0131z gerekmektedir. Bunun i\u00e7in \u00f6ncelikle bir noktada belli bir T s\u00fcresi boyunca ses bas\u0131nc\u0131 seviyesi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmleri dB(A) olarak al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. Daha sonra bu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerin tekab\u00fcl etti\u011fi bas\u0131n\u00e7 yada g\u00fc\u00e7 de\u011ferlerinin ortalamas\u0131 al\u0131n\u0131r ve tekrar dB(A) \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fine d\u00f6n\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da\u00a0 saniyede 1 defa olmak \u00fczere 7 tane \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm al\u0131narak okunmu\u015f dB(A) de\u011ferlerinin oldu\u011fu bir tablo var. Bu tabloda e\u015fde\u011fer ses g\u00fcc\u00fc seviyesi<\/strong> Lweq tespit edilecektir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\nt(s)<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n3<\/td>\n4<\/td>\n5<\/td>\n6<\/td>\n7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1<\/td>\ndB(A)<\/td>\n66<\/td>\n72<\/td>\n63<\/td>\n66<\/td>\n69<\/td>\n66<\/td>\n71<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2<\/td>\nB (A)<\/td>\n6,6<\/td>\n7,2<\/td>\n6,3<\/td>\n6,6<\/td>\n6,9<\/td>\n6,6<\/td>\n7,1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3<\/td>\nW<\/td>\n3.981.072<\/td>\n15.848.932<\/td>\n1.995.262<\/td>\n3.981.072<\/td>\n7.943.282<\/td>\n3.981.072<\/td>\n12.589.254<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4<\/td>\nPo(W)<\/td>\n1x\u00a010-12<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n1x\u00a010-12<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n1x\u00a010-12<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n1x\u00a010-12<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n1x\u00a010-12<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n1x\u00a010-12<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n1x\u00a010-12<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5<\/td>\nP(W)<\/td>\n4,0x10-6<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n1,6x10-5<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n2,0x10-6<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n4,0x10-6<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n7,9x10-6<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n4,0x10-6<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n1,3x10-5<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6<\/td>\nPtotal<\/td>\n5,03x\u00a010-5<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7<\/td>\nPort<\/td>\n5,03x\u00a010-6<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8<\/td>\nPo(W)<\/td>\n1x\u00a010-12<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9<\/td>\nPort\/Po<\/td>\n5031995<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10<\/td>\nLog<\/td>\n6,7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
11<\/td>\n10 Log<\/td>\n67<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Daha \u00f6nceki \u00f6rne\u011fimizde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131za benzer \u015fekilde 6. sat\u0131ra kadar i\u015flemlerimizi yap\u0131p toplam ses g\u00fcc\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fc bulduk.<\/p>\n

7.sat\u0131rda toplam ses bas\u0131nc\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm say\u0131m\u0131z olan 7 ye b\u00f6l\u00fcp aritmetik ortalamas\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131k.<\/p>\n

Daha sonraki sat\u0131rlarda bir \u00f6nceki \u00f6rne\u011fimize benzer \u015fekilde dB(A) \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fine ge\u00e7erek Lweq yani e\u015fde\u011fer ses g\u00fcc\u00fc seviyemizi bulmu\u015f olduk. \u00d6rne\u011fimizde bu de\u011fer 67dB(A) d\u0131r ve katalog de\u011feriyle \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kabul edilebilir. \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcm sonucu buldu\u011fumuz bu de\u011fer a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki tablodaki (\u00c7evresel G\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcn\u00fcn De\u011ferlendirilmesi ve Y\u00f6netimi Y\u00f6netmeli\u011fi), kriter de\u011ferlerin alt\u0131nda kalmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin cihaz\u0131m\u0131n bulundu\u011fu ortam bir d\u00fckkan ise maalesef cihaz\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 do\u011fru se\u00e7ememi\u015fiz demektir yada akustik tedbirlerimiz yeterli gelmemi\u015ftir. D\u00fckkan i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki tabloda 60dB(A) s\u0131n\u0131r de\u011fer verilmektedir ki bizim cihaz\u0131m\u0131z 67dB(A) ses seviyesi \u00fcretmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u0130\u00e7 Mekan G\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fc D\u00fczeyi S\u0131n\u0131r De\u011ferleri<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Kullan\u0131m Alan\u0131<\/td>\n\u00a0Leq<\/sub> (dBA)<\/td>\nZaman Dilimi (h)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
K\u00fclt\u00fcrel Tesis Alanlar\u0131<\/td>\nTiyatro salonlar\u0131<\/td>\n30<\/td>\nS\u00fcrekli<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sinema salonlar\u0131<\/td>\n30<\/td>\nS\u00fcrekli<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Konser salonlar\u0131<\/td>\n25<\/td>\nS\u00fcrekli<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Konferans salonlar\u0131<\/td>\n30<\/td>\nS\u00fcrekli<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sa\u011fl\u0131k Tesis Alanlar\u0131<\/td>\nYatakl\u0131 tedavi kurum ve kurumlar\u0131, dispanser, poliklinik, bak\u0131m ve huzur evleri ve benzeri.<\/td>\n35<\/td>\nS\u00fcrekli<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Dinlenme ve tedavi odalar\u0131<\/td>\n25<\/td>\nS\u00fcrekli<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
E\u011fitim Tesisleri Alanlar\u0131<\/td>\nOkullarda derslikler, okul \u00f6ncesi binalar\u0131n i\u00e7i, laboratuvarlar, \u00f6zel e\u011fitim tesisleri, \u00f6z\u00fcrl\u00fcler tesisler ve benzeri.<\/td>\n35<\/td>\nDers s\u0131ras\u0131nda<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Spor salonu, yemekhane<\/td>\n55<\/td>\nFaaliyet s\u00fcresince<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Okul \u00f6ncesi yatak odalar\u0131<\/td>\n30<\/td>\nUyku s\u0131ras\u0131nda<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Turizm Yerle\u015fme Alanlar\u0131<\/td>\nOtel, motel, tatil k\u00f6y\u00fc, pansiyon ve benzeri yatak odas\u0131<\/td>\n30<\/td>\nUyku s\u0131ras\u0131nda<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Konaklama tesislerindeki restoran<\/td>\n35<\/td>\nYemek s\u00fcresince<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sit Alanlar\u0131<\/td>\nArkeolojik, do\u011fal, kentsel, tarihi ve benzeri.<\/td>\n55<\/td>\nS\u00fcrekli<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ticari Yap\u0131lar<\/td>\nB\u00fcy\u00fck ofis<\/td>\n35<\/td>\n\u00c7al\u0131\u015fma s\u0131ras\u0131nda<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Toplant\u0131 salonlar\u0131<\/td>\n35<\/td>\n\u00c7al\u0131\u015fma s\u0131ras\u0131nda<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
B\u00fcy\u00fck daktilo veya bilgisayar odalar\u0131<\/td>\n60<\/td>\n\u00c7al\u0131\u015fma s\u0131ras\u0131nda<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Oyun odalar\u0131<\/td>\n60<\/td>\nOyun s\u00fcresince<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00d6zel b\u00fcro (uygulamal\u0131)<\/td>\n50<\/td>\n\u00c7al\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcresince<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Genel b\u00fcro (hesap, yaz\u0131 b\u00f6lmeleri)<\/td>\n60<\/td>\n\u00c7al\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcresince<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0130\u015f merkezleri, d\u00fckkanlar ve benzeri.<\/td>\n60<\/td>\n\u00c7al\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcresince<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ticari depolama<\/td>\n45<\/td>\nFaaliyet s\u00fcresince<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Lokantalar<\/td>\n45<\/td>\n\u00c7al\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcresince<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Kamu Kurum Kurulu\u015flar\u0131<\/td>\nOfisler<\/td>\n45<\/td>\n\u00c7al\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcresince<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Laboratuvarlar<\/td>\n45<\/td>\n\u00c7al\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcresince<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Toplant\u0131 salonlar\u0131<\/td>\n35<\/td>\n\u00c7al\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcresince<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Bilgisayar odalar\u0131<\/td>\n45<\/td>\n\u00c7al\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcresince<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Spor Alanlar\u0131<\/td>\nSpor salonlar\u0131 ve y\u00fczme havuzlar\u0131<\/td>\n55<\/td>\nFaaliyet s\u00fcresince<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Konut Alanlar\u0131<\/td>\nYatak odalar\u0131 (\u015fehir i\u00e7inde)<\/td>\n40<\/td>\nGece s\u00fcresince<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Yatak odalar\u0131 (\u015fehir d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda)<\/td>\n35<\/td>\nGece s\u00fcresince<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Oturma odalar\u0131 (\u015fehir i\u00e7inde)<\/td>\n55<\/td>\nG\u00fcnd\u00fcz-ak\u015fam s\u00fcresince<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Oturma odalar\u0131 (\u015fehir d\u0131\u015f\u0131)<\/td>\n40<\/td>\nG\u00fcnd\u00fcz-ak\u015fam s\u00fcresince<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Oturma odalar\u0131 (\u015fehir kenar\u0131)<\/td>\n45<\/td>\nG\u00fcnd\u00fcz-ak\u015fam s\u00fcresince<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Servis b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri (mutfak) (\u015fehir i\u00e7i, d\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve \u015fehir kenar\u0131)<\/td>\n60<\/td>\nFaaliyet s\u00fcresince<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

NC de\u011ferleri ve NR de\u011ferleri<\/h4>\n

Yukar\u0131daki b\u00f6l\u00fcmde toplam ses bas\u0131nc\u0131\/g\u00fcc\u00fc seviyesi ve e\u015fde\u011fer ses bas\u0131nc\u0131\/g\u00fcc\u00fc seviyesi gibi rakamlarla u\u011fra\u015ft\u0131k. Bu rakamlar frekans bilgilerinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak bize \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm ve mukayese imkan\u0131 sunmaktad\u0131r. Fakat frekans bilgilerini de i\u015fin i\u00e7ine katarak bir de\u011ferlendirme yapmam\u0131z gerekirse ne yapmal\u0131y\u0131z? Neticede karma\u015f\u0131k ses dalgalar\u0131n\u0131 her bir frekans i\u00e7in anlaml\u0131 sin\u00fczoidal dalgalara \u00e7evirip ifade etmekteyiz. Kriterlerimizi de\u00a0 her bir frekans i\u00e7in koyup de\u011ferlendirmeyi de bu bazda yapmak da\u00a0 gerekebilir.<\/p>\n

Yani 125Hz’de \u015fu de\u011feri ge\u00e7emeyiz, 500Hz’de \u015fu seviyeyi ge\u00e7emeyiz, vs… \u0130\u015fte bu seviyeler standartlarla bir seri anket, deney, g\u00f6zlem \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 neticesinde belirlenmi\u015ftir. Amerika b\u00f6lgesinde bu i\u015f i\u00e7in NC (Noise Criteria) e\u011frileri varken Avrupa b\u00f6lgesinde NR (Noise Rating) e\u011frileri vard\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n yan\u0131nda RNC (Room Noise Criteria), PNC(Preferred Noise Criteria), RC(Room Criteria), NCB (Balanced noise criteria) gibi e\u011friler de bulunmaktad\u0131r. Temelde hepsi ayn\u0131 amaca hizmet etmektedir: \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ses seviyesi kriterimize uygun mudur de\u011fil midir?<\/p>\n

\u00d6zellikle HVAC ile ilgili i\u015flemlerde menfez, dif\u00fcz\u00f6r kataloglar\u0131nda NC, NR gibi e\u011frilerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmaktay\u0131z. \u00d6zellikle i\u00e7 ortamlar i\u00e7in NC yada NR e\u011frileri verilir ve ortamdaki ses kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n sebep oldu\u011fu ses seviyesinin bu de\u011ferler alt\u0131nda olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na bak\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"NRYukar\u0131daki grafikte NR e\u011frileri g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir. Bu e\u011frileri veren rakamlar\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki tabloda g\u00f6rebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
NR (dB) \/f(Hz)<\/td>\n31.25<\/td>\n62.5<\/td>\n125<\/td>\n250<\/td>\n500<\/td>\n1000<\/td>\n2000<\/td>\n4000<\/td>\n8000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NR 0<\/td>\n55<\/td>\n36<\/td>\n22<\/td>\n12<\/td>\n5<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n-4<\/td>\n-6<\/td>\n-8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NR 10<\/td>\n62<\/td>\n43<\/td>\n31<\/td>\n21<\/td>\n15<\/td>\n10<\/td>\n7<\/td>\n4<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NR 20<\/td>\n69<\/td>\n51<\/td>\n39<\/td>\n31<\/td>\n24<\/td>\n20<\/td>\n17<\/td>\n14<\/td>\n13<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NR 30<\/td>\n76<\/td>\n59<\/td>\n48<\/td>\n40<\/td>\n34<\/td>\n30<\/td>\n27<\/td>\n25<\/td>\n23<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NR 40<\/td>\n83<\/td>\n67<\/td>\n57<\/td>\n49<\/td>\n44<\/td>\n40<\/td>\n37<\/td>\n35<\/td>\n33<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NR 50<\/td>\n89<\/td>\n75<\/td>\n66<\/td>\n59<\/td>\n54<\/td>\n50<\/td>\n47<\/td>\n45<\/td>\n44<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NR 60<\/td>\n96<\/td>\n83<\/td>\n74<\/td>\n68<\/td>\n63<\/td>\n60<\/td>\n57<\/td>\n55<\/td>\n54<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NR 70<\/td>\n103<\/td>\n91<\/td>\n83<\/td>\n77<\/td>\n73<\/td>\n70<\/td>\n68<\/td>\n66<\/td>\n64<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NR 80<\/td>\n110<\/td>\n99<\/td>\n92<\/td>\n86<\/td>\n83<\/td>\n80<\/td>\n78<\/td>\n76<\/td>\n74<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NR 90<\/td>\n117<\/td>\n107<\/td>\n100<\/td>\n96<\/td>\n93<\/td>\n90<\/td>\n88<\/td>\n86<\/td>\n85<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NR 100<\/td>\n124<\/td>\n115<\/td>\n109<\/td>\n105<\/td>\n102<\/td>\n100<\/td>\n98<\/td>\n96<\/td>\n95<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NR 110<\/td>\n130<\/td>\n122<\/td>\n118<\/td>\n114<\/td>\n112<\/td>\n110<\/td>\n108<\/td>\n107<\/td>\n105<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NR 120<\/td>\n137<\/td>\n130<\/td>\n126<\/td>\n124<\/td>\n122<\/td>\n120<\/td>\n118<\/td>\n117<\/td>\n116<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NR 130<\/td>\n144<\/td>\n138<\/td>\n135<\/td>\n133<\/td>\n131<\/td>\n130<\/td>\n128<\/td>\n127<\/td>\n126<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Tabloda dikkat ederseniz\u00a0 1000Hz deki ses bas\u0131n\u00e7 seviyesi NR e\u011frilerine ismini vermektedir. Mesela NR50 i\u00e7in 1000Hz’de ses bas\u0131nc\u0131 50dB seviyesindedir. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki tabloda muhtelif ortamlar i\u00e7in istenen NR seviyeleri verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Azami NR seviyesi<\/strong><\/td>\nUygulamalar<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NR 25<\/td>\nKonser salonlar\u0131, yay\u0131n ve kay\u0131t st\u00fcdyolar\u0131, ibadethaneler<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NR 30<\/td>\n\u00d6zel konutlar, hastaneler, tiyatrolar, sinemalar, konferans salonlar\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NR 35<\/td>\nK\u00fct\u00fcphaneler, m\u00fczeler, mahkeme salonlar\u0131, okullar, tiyatro ve servis i\u015fleten hastaneler, daireler, oteller, y\u00f6netici ofisleri<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NR 40<\/td>\nSalonlar, koridorlar, gard\u0131roplar, restoranlar, gece kul\u00fcpleri, ofisler, ma\u011fazalar<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NR 45<\/td>\nMa\u011fazalar, s\u00fcpermarketler, kantinler, genel ofisler<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NR 50<\/td>\nOfis makineleri bulunan ofisler<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NR 60<\/td>\nHafif m\u00fchendislik i\u015fleri<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NR 70<\/td>\nD\u00f6k\u00fcmhaneler, a\u011f\u0131r m\u00fchendislik i\u015fleri<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

NC (Noise Criteria) i\u00e7in de benzer bir grafik ve tablolar vard\u0131r:<\/p>\n

\"NC<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
NC(dB)\/f(Hz)<\/td>\n62.5<\/td>\n125<\/td>\n250<\/td>\n500<\/td>\n1000<\/td>\n2000<\/td>\n4000<\/td>\n8000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NC-15<\/td>\n47<\/td>\n36<\/td>\n29<\/td>\n22<\/td>\n17<\/td>\n14<\/td>\n12<\/td>\n11<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NC-20<\/td>\n51<\/td>\n40<\/td>\n33<\/td>\n26<\/td>\n22<\/td>\n19<\/td>\n17<\/td>\n16<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NC-25<\/td>\n54<\/td>\n44<\/td>\n37<\/td>\n31<\/td>\n27<\/td>\n24<\/td>\n22<\/td>\n21<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NC-30<\/td>\n57<\/td>\n48<\/td>\n41<\/td>\n35<\/td>\n31<\/td>\n29<\/td>\n28<\/td>\n27<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NC-35<\/td>\n60<\/td>\n52<\/td>\n45<\/td>\n40<\/td>\n36<\/td>\n34<\/td>\n33<\/td>\n32<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NC-40<\/td>\n64<\/td>\n56<\/td>\n50<\/td>\n45<\/td>\n41<\/td>\n39<\/td>\n38<\/td>\n37<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NC-45<\/td>\n67<\/td>\n60<\/td>\n54<\/td>\n49<\/td>\n46<\/td>\n44<\/td>\n43<\/td>\n42<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NC-50<\/td>\n71<\/td>\n64<\/td>\n58<\/td>\n54<\/td>\n51<\/td>\n49<\/td>\n48<\/td>\n47<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NC-55<\/td>\n74<\/td>\n67<\/td>\n62<\/td>\n58<\/td>\n56<\/td>\n54<\/td>\n53<\/td>\n52<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NC-60<\/td>\n77<\/td>\n71<\/td>\n67<\/td>\n63<\/td>\n61<\/td>\n59<\/td>\n58<\/td>\n57<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NC-65<\/td>\n80<\/td>\n75<\/td>\n71<\/td>\n68<\/td>\n66<\/td>\n64<\/td>\n63<\/td>\n62<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NC-70<\/td>\n83<\/td>\n79<\/td>\n75<\/td>\n72<\/td>\n71<\/td>\n70<\/td>\n69<\/td>\n68<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki tabloda muhtelif ortamlar i\u00e7in tavsiye edilen NC seviyeleri verilmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Ortam<\/td>\nNC<\/td>\nOrtam<\/td>\nNC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rezidanslar<\/td>\nHastaneler ve Klinikler<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Apartman Evleri<\/td>\n25-35<\/td>\n\u00a0 \u00d6zel odalar<\/td>\n25-30<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Meclis Salonlar\u0131<\/td>\n25-30<\/td>\n\u00a0 Ameliyat odalar\u0131<\/td>\n25-30<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Kiliseler, Sinagoglar, Camiler<\/td>\n30-35<\/td>\n\u00a0 Wards<\/td>\n30-35<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
mahkemeler<\/td>\n30-40<\/td>\n\u00a0 Laboratuvarlar<\/td>\n35-40<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Fabrikalar<\/td>\n40-65<\/td>\n\u00a0 Koridorlar<\/td>\n30-35<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00d6zel Evler, k\u0131rsal ve banliy\u00f6<\/td>\n20-30<\/td>\n\u00a0 Kamu alanlar\u0131<\/td>\n35-40<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00d6zel evler, kentsel<\/td>\n25-30<\/td>\nOkullar<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Oteller \/ Moteller<\/td>\n\u00a0 Ders anlat\u0131m\u0131 ve derslik<\/td>\n25-30<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0 Bireysel odalar veya s\u00fcitler<\/td>\n25-35<\/td>\n\u00a0 Open plan derslikleri<\/td>\n35-40<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0 Toplant\u0131 veya ziyafet salonlar\u0131<\/td>\n25-35<\/td>\nFilm sinema filmi<\/td>\n30-35<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0 Servis ve Destek Alanlar\u0131<\/td>\n40-45<\/td>\nK\u00fct\u00fcphaneler<\/td>\n35-40<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0 Salonlar, koridorlar, lobiler<\/td>\n35-40<\/td>\nMe\u015fru tiyatrolar<\/td>\n20-25<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ofisler<\/td>\n\u00d6zel Konutlar<\/td>\n25-35<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0 Konferans salonlar\u0131<\/td>\n25-30<\/td>\nRestoranlar<\/td>\n40-45<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0 \u00d6zel<\/td>\n30-35<\/td>\nTV Yay\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131<\/td>\n15-25<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0 Openplan alanlar\u0131<\/td>\n35-40<\/td>\nKay\u0131t St\u00fcdyolar\u0131<\/td>\n15-20<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0 \u0130\u015f makineleri \/ bilgisayarlar<\/td>\n40-45<\/td>\nKonser ve resital salonlar\u0131<\/td>\n15-20<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\n<\/td>\nSpor Kolezyumlar\u0131<\/td>\n45-55<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\n<\/td>\nSes yay\u0131n\u0131<\/td>\n15-20<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00d6zetle bir ses seviyesini de\u011ferlendirip uygun olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlamak i\u00e7in 3 yayg\u0131n kriteri; dB(A), NR ve NC b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fcklerini g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f olduk.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"kareanemostat\"<\/p>\n

Yandaki tabloyu kullanarak 300m3\/h i\u00e7in 150x150mm kare anemostat se\u00e7ti\u011fimizi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnelim. \u00dcreticisi bu debi de\u011feri i\u00e7in NR33 olarak ses bas\u0131n\u00e7 seviyesini vermektedir. Bu anemostat\u0131 azami de\u011feri NR30 olan hastane i\u00e7in kullanamay\u0131z ama azami de\u011feri NR35 olan otelde kullanabiliriz.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da bir fan coil \u00fcreticisinin teknik f\u00f6y\u00fcnde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck-orta-y\u00fcksek h\u0131zlar i\u00e7in verdi\u011fi ses seviyeleri mevcuttur:<\/p>\n

\"fcuses\"<\/p>\n

Buran\u0131n bir okul oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcp ona g\u00f6re orta h\u0131zda 3 kritere g\u00f6re de inceleyelim:<\/p>\n

Okulda ortalama ses bas\u0131nc\u0131 seviyesi Leq i\u00e7in 35 dB(A) istenmektedir.Bizim FCU ise 37dB(A) oldu\u011fundan uygun g\u00f6r\u00fcnmemektedir.<\/p>\n

Okulda 35NR olarak azami ses bas\u0131nc\u0131 seviyesi verilmektedir. Bizim FCU ise NR34 oldu\u011fundan uygun g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir.<\/p>\n

Okul i\u00e7in 30NC de\u011feri tavsiye edilmektedir. Bizim FCU ise 32NC mertebesindedir. Bu kritere g\u00f6re de uygun \u00e7\u0131kmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Fan coilin kullan\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 tesisteki \u015fartname \u00f6zellikle bir kriteri i\u015faret ediyorsa ona g\u00f6re bak\u0131l\u0131p karar verilecektir.<\/p>\n

\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/h4>\n
\n
\n

kisi.deu.edu.tr\/abdullah.secgin\/SGK_Hafta_2.ppt<\/p>\n

https:\/\/polen.itu.edu.tr\/bitstream\/11527\/8147\/1\/13768.pdf<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/pulse\/acoustics-spl-vs-swl-sound-pressure-level-power-chris-jones<\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.cirrusresearch.co.uk\/library\/documents\/technical_papers\/TN31_Calculcation_of_NR_and_NC_Curves_in_the_optimus_sound_level_meter_and_NoiseTools_software.pdf<\/p>\n

https:\/\/tr.khanacademy.org\/science\/physics\/mechanical-waves-and-sound\/sound-topic\/v\/production-of-sound<\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.who.int\/occupational_health\/publications\/noise1.pdf<\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.erimsever.com\/MakMuh\/Izolasyon\/Ses_Nedir.pdf<\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.istanbulsaglik.gov.tr\/w\/mev\/mev_yon\/gurultu_kontrol.pdf<\/p>\n

http:\/\/ocw.jhsph.edu\/courses\/PrinciplesIndustrialHygiene\/PDFs\/Lecture6.pdf<\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.cirrusresearch.co.uk\/blog\/2013\/02\/calculation-of-dba-from-octave-band-sound-presssure-levels\/<\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.inertance.com\/engineering-calculator\/dba\/<\/p>\n

Fletcher ve Munson E\u011frileri<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n